MBA-IB

DIV-A
PRN:
09020241046-54
Labeling
 Package labelling (BrE) or labeling (AmE) is any written,
electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on
a separate but associated label

 Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally

and internationally standardized

 For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product

certifications, trademarks, proof of purchase, etc.

 Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate

aspects of consumer use and safety

 Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include:

Recycling symbol, Resin identification code (below), and
Green Dot (symbol).
Types of Labeling
 Technologies related to shipping containers are
identification codes, bar codes, and electronic data
interchange (EDI).
 These three core technologies serve to enable the
business functions in the process of shipping containers
throughout the distribution channel
 Each type has an Essential Function:
 identification codes either relate product information or
serve as keys to other data
 bar codes allow for the automated input of identification
codes and other data
 EDI moves data between trading partners within the
distribution channel.
Types of Labeling
 Elements of these core technologies include:
 UPC and EAN item identification codes
 the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code)
 the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container
Codes)
 Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly
designated GS1-128) bar code symbologies
 ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI
standards.
 RFID labels for shipping containers are also
increasing in usage.
Types of Labeling
 Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods
have special information and symbols (labels,
plackards, etc) as required by UN, country, and specific
carrier requirements

Example:

 With transport packages, standardised symbols are also

used to communicate handling needs.
 Some common ones are shown below while others are
listed in ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial
Markings for Handling of Goods"
 ISO 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods".
Packaging
• Science, art and technology of enclosing & protecting products for
distribution, storage, sale, and use

Objectives
•Protection - Objects enclosed may require protection from shock,
vibration, compression.
•Containment or agglomeration - Small objects are typically grouped
together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a single box
of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils
•Security – Plays an important role in reducing the security risks of
shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter
tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate
tampering
•Portion control - Single serving or single dosage packaging has a precise
amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can
be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual
households
Types of Packaging
•Primary packaging is the material that first
envelops the product and holds it. This usually is
the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the
package which is in direct contact with the
contents.

•Secondary packaging is outside the primary

packaging – perhaps used to group primary
packages together.

•Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling,

warehouse storage and transport shipping.
Packing
• Packing refers to the external containers
used for transportation

• Factors Influencing Packing

– Type of Product
• Large and heavy objects- Crates
• Powders like cement – Bags
• Liquids like acetic acid – Drums or Containers
• Small and heavy items – Wooden Crates
• Bulky materials like cotton - Bales
Packing
Mode of Transportation
○ Generally air transport require less packing than
land and ocean transport
○ Containerized shipments require less packing
Ports of destination
○ Stronger packing in areas where there is threat
of loss or damage due to Theft or Pilferage
Climatic Conditions
○ Special Packing Materials like Desiccants may
be required in areas of high moisture levels
Packing
Customs Duties and Freight Rates
○ Lighter and less packing material preferred in
cases where the specific duty or freight rate is
on weight basis
Cost of Packing Material
○ Most economical as well as materials which
provides maximum safety to the goods
Buyer’s Requirement
○ Buyer’s may specify their demand in the
contract
Packing
 Types of Packing
Corrugated Carton

Wooden Case

Wooden Crate

Drum or Container
Packing
Bag and Sack

Bale
Packing
• As regard specification for the size, weight and
strength care must be taken to ensure that the
weight of standard case does not exceed 50 Kg. for
easy handling of the cargo.
• Before packing and sealing the goods, it should be
ensured that all the contents are properly placed in
the case and the list of contents of packing notes
should be prepared so that the buyer, the Customs
authorities and the Insurance authorities can easily
check the contents of each and every case.
• The consolidated statement of contents for a number
of case is called the Packing List, which should be
prepared in the prescribed standardised format.
Packing List
Marking
• Marking means to mark the address, number of
packages etc. on the packets.
• It is essential for identification purpose and
should provide information on exporters' mark,
port of destination, place of destination, order
number and date, gross, net and tare weight
and handling instructions.
• It should also be ensured that while putting
marks, the law of buyer's country is duly
compiled with.
Marking
• All shipping cases should be marked a number with
special symbols selected by the exporters or the
importers, so that the competitors cannot find out the
details of the customers and the country of
destination or supplier's country of despatch.
• Care should also be taken to ensure that the
marking conforms to those written in the invoice,
insurance certificate, bill of lading and other
documents.
• The International Cargo Handling Co-ordination,
Association has set out for the use of exporters a
number of recommendations for the marking of
goods carried by ocean-going vessels. They are
equally useful for sending goods by other modes of
transportation
Marking
Exporters need to put the following markings on cartons to be
shipped:
 Shipper's mark.
 Country of origin (exporters’ country).
 Weight marking (in pounds and in kilograms).
 Number of packages and size of cases (in inches and
centimeters).
 Handling marks (international pictorial symbols).
 Cautionary markings, such as "This Side Up" or "Use No Hooks"
(in English and in the language of the country of destination).
 Port of entry.
 Labels for hazardous materials (universal symbols adapted by
the International Maritime Organization).
Packaging: Preferences

•Prevention
•Minimization
•Reuse
•Recycling
•Energy recovery
•Disposal
Labeling: Best Practices
Suggestions:
• The marks should appear in certain order.
Essential data should be placed in oblong
frames with lines 1.5 centimetres thick, and
subsidiary information should be placed in
another type of frame.
• Declaration on large packages should be
placed on two continuous sides, and for
consignments bound together on a pallet,
also on the top. Handling instructions should
be placed on all four sides. Similar packages,
such as goods in sacks, should be marked
on two opposite sides.
Suggestions:
• Only fast dyes should be used for lettering.
Essential data should be in black and
subsidiary data in a less conspicuous colour;
red and orange lettering should be reversed
for dangerous goods only. For food packed
in sacks, only harmless dyes should be
employed, and the dye should not come
through the packing in such a way as to
affect the goods.
• Stick-on labels should only be used on
individual package or parcel and all old
labels should be removed.
Suggestions:
 Lettering should be at least 7.5
centimetres high for essential data, and at
least 3.5 centimetres for subsidiary data. If
the package is too small for such letter,
other sizes may be used, but in the same
ratio. The sizes of the symbols should also
be in proportion to the size of the package
and of the other markings.
Suggestions:
• Marking should be made by stencil or by
branding or by pencil or brush without a stencil.
If stencils are used, care should be taken that
the letters and figures are perfectly legible to
prevent confusion. This is especially true of the
letters and figures --- B.R.P, O, G-G-D-C, H.N;
3-8 : 6-9 and 1-7.
• The surface to be marked should be smooth
and clean. If packages are to be bonded, they
can be marked before this is done; the hoops
should not however, cover the markings.
 Suggestions
1520/15/1

1520/15/15 Stencil
Suggestions:
• The figure should indicate the total number of
packages making up the consignment and the
consecutive number of the individual package.
For example : 1520/15/1 identifies the first
package of a total number of 15 packets and
1520/15/15 the last one.
• The name of the ship and the bill of lading
number should be shown when this is possible.
Handling instructions must appear in the
language of the exporter and importer, and also,
if possible, in the language of the countries
where goods are to be handled en route or
transhipped.
Suggestions
 Country of Origin Markings
The country of origin (C/O) is the country where the goods are grown, produced
or manufactured. Typical wordings are:
Made in [name of the country]
--- for example Made in Canada

Product of [name of the country]

--- for example Product of USA
 The C/O marking normally is required on the product, the inner package and the
master package in a permanent manner, in legible words (some countries may
require a minimum size of the words), and in a conspicuous place.
 The permanent marking can be in the form of printing, stencilling, embossing, and
other means, such as casting and moulding. In certain countries, it is not
uncommon that the importer may request that stickers (printed labels) are used to
mark the product and its package, instead of a permanent marking, in order that it
can be removed or altered later so they can sell the product at a higher price .
Suggestions
 Marking Plastic Bags
Plastic bags are not toys, playing with them can be
hazardous! As a safety precaution and a reminder to
consumers, the exporter may print on plastic bags used in
packaging the goods:

WARNING! TO AVOID DANGER OF SUFFOCATION,

KEEP THIS
BAG AWAY FROM BABIES AND CHILDREN. DO NOT
USE IN CRIBS, BEDS, CARRIAGES, OR PLAYPENS.
THIS IS NOT A TOY.
 Cisco Systems, Inc. Implementation of Korrvu® Packaging
for SOHO Products.
Background
Cisco’s Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) products were traditionally shipped
in a corrugated container with a combination of Polyethylene and Polyurethane
foam cushioning. Not only was the pack composed of three different materials,
it was also difficult and time consuming to assemble.
In March of 1995 a new product was added to the SOHO line. The new
product did not fit into the existing package system. An opportunity arose to
redesign the pack based on the following criteria:

1.The new pack would have to accommodate all 4 products

2.The new pack would have to be easier to assemble
3.The new pack should be less expensive
4.The new pack should use less material
Korrvu® Packaging
 Korrvu® packaging is a dynamic
packaging product that uses a
strong, highly-resilient low-slip film
to surround your products,
protecting them from shock and
vibration.
 Product Protection
 Showcases Your Product's
Appearance
 Versatile and Flexible
 Environmentally Sound
Types
Korrvu® suspension Packaging

Korrvu® Retention Packaging

Solution
By implementing the Korrvu Packaging system on
the SOHO product line, all four criteria were met
in the following manner:
 The design of the package allows all 4 products
to fit into the same Korrvu insert. This also allows
for the same shipping carton and accessory kit
carton to be used across products.
 The new pack would have to be easier to
assemble.
 Total packout time was around 90 seconds.
Solution..
 The new pack is less expensive.
 The old package system cost $4.48 per 10,000.
The new systems costs $2.20 per 10,000.
Cisco typically ships between 20,000 and
30,000 SOHO units per month for a monthly
average cost savings of $57,000.
 The new pack uses less material.
 Both packs weigh about 1100 grams each, but
the new pack contains no foam, takes up less
space volumetrically and is more easily
recycled.