WATER TREATMENT

DEFINATION

Water treatment is a process of making

water suitable for its application i.e. for
domestic and industrial purposes etc or
simply returning its natural state.
The goal of water treatment is

• To remove the existing contaminants

present in the raw water
OR
• To reduce the concentration of such
contaminants
CONTAMINANTS IN WATER

A substance, element, or compound that may

harm humans or other forms of life if released into the
environment, so the contaminants that are present in
water are
•Suspended solid
•Bacteria's
•Algae
•Viruses
•Fungi
•Minerals such as Fe, Mn and S
•Man made chemical pollutants including fertilizers
Water is mainly treated for the
following purposes

• Municipal purposes

• Laundry purposes

• Boiler purposes

• Industrial purposes
“MUNICIPAL DRINKING WATER
TREATMENT”
In municipal water treatment following process ar
used:
1.Screening and straining
2. Coagulation and flocculation and Sedimentation
3. Aeration
4.Filtration
5.Disinfection
1)SCREENING AND STRAINING

• Floating and suspended solids like leaves, twigs

and fibers particles are removed.
• To protect the main unit of treatment plant and to
aid in their efficient operation it is necessary to
remove these material.
• Coarse screens and main screens are used for this
purpose. Coarse screens are of diameter 75mm
while main screens are provided with an opening of
5-20mm.
Screen
2) COAGULATION FLOCCULATION
AND SEDIMENTATION
• Other suspended (insoluble) particles, such as sand
and dirt, are small enough to pass easily through the
screens. These particles must be removed from the
water by another process known as sedimentation.

• When water is allowed to stand, heavy suspended

particles (e.g., sand) will settle to the bottom over
time because they are denser than water. The water,
now free of the suspended impurities, can be
collected from the top without disturbing the layer of
sediment at the bottom.
CONT….
•Sometimes the insoluble particles are too small to
settle out quickly enough to use sedimentation
alone. Two processes, known as flocculation and
coagulation, are used to create larger particles that
will settle quickly to the bottom.
•Coagulation bring about destabilization colloidal
partial by the addition of chemical reagent called
coagulant.
•Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized
partials in to micro floc and after in to bulky floccules
which becomes heavy and settles down.
Commonly used coagulants are
Aluminum sulfate (alum, Al2(SO4)3).
Ferric chloride and Ferric sulfate.
3) AERATION

• Water is brought in to intimate contact with

air,O2.
• Aeration is done in order to increase oxygen
content, reduce carbon dioxide content and to
remove methane and hydrogen sulphide and
other volatile organic compound responsible
for taste and odor.
• Aeration reduce the corrosiveness of raw
water due to carbonic acid(H2CO3) content.
• Aeration convert soluble content of Fe and Mg
in to insoluble hydroxides which are then
removed by sedimentation.
4) FILTERATION

• After separating most floc, the water is filtered as

the final step to remove remaining suspended
particles and unsettled floc. The most common
type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves
vertically through sand which often has a layer of
activated carbon.
• Rapid sand filtration have high flow rates and
require little space to operate.
• Rapid sand filtration is unable to provide
bacteriologically safe water.
5) DISINFECTION
In order to remove microorganism from
water certain infection chemicals are used
i.e.
• Ozone
• Chlorine
• Ammonia treatment
and UV rays are also used to kill
microorganism.
 Raw Screening and
Coagulation
Water Straining and
Flocculation

Aeration Sedimentation
Filtration

Clean
Drinking
Disinfection
Water
• Agglomeration > collection of
somethng(dhair)
• Floc >Floc is collection/group of precipitate