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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Phase diagram
Basic terms and definition
Functional relationships
Determination of index properties
Relative density
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PHASE DIAGRAMS
Soil mass consist of solid particles, water,
air. In soil mass volume of solid particles is
highest. The voids may be filled of water
or air.
SOME ASSUMPTIONS ARE MADE
Mass of air in soil is zero.
All soil particles are of same size.
Moisture is uniformly distributed.
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PHASE DIAGRAMS
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W Wa Ws
W Ws
but; Wa 0
AIR
SOLIDS
Vs
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Wa
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Ws
but , Vv Vw
Vw
Ww
W
V Vw Vs
Similarly,
W Wv Ws
WATER
Vs
but , Wv Ww
SOILDS
Ws
W Ww Ws
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FUNDAMENTAL DEFINATION
1. WATER CONTENT OR MOISTURE CONTENT
The water content is defined as the ratio of mass of water to
the mass of soils.
Water content=(weight of water / weight of dry soil)*100%
Mw
w
*100%
Ms
or
Mw
w
*100%
Md
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kN/m
of soil mass) * 100%
d
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Ws
s
Vs
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1010
sub
(Wd ) sub
kN/m 3
3
w unitPowerpoint
weigh
t
of
water
10
kN/m
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1111
Ws s
G
no unit
Ww w
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
GRAVEL
SAND
SILTY SAND
SILTS
INORGANIC CLAYS
ORGANIC SOILS
SOILS HIGH IN MICA,
IRON
2.65 - 2.68
2.65 - 2.68
2.66 - 2.70
2.66 - 2.70
2.70 2.80
VARIABLE, MAY FALL BELOW 2.0
2.75 - 2.85
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9. POROSITY(n)
It is defined as the ratio of volume of voids to the total
volume.
Porosity = (volume of voids/ total volume)
n = (Vv/V)
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3.SATURATED DENSITY
The saturated density is the bulk density of soil when it is
fully saturated.
sat = (Msat / V) .. Kg/m
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4.SUBMERGED DENSITY
When the soil exist below water , it is in a submerged
condition. When a volume v of soil is submerged in
water, it displaces an equal volume of water. Thus the
net mass of soil when submerged is reduced.
The submerged density of the soil is defined as the
submerged mass per unit total volume.
sub== (m sub /v) = (sat -w)
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FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
If volume of void is taken
as e, the volume of
solids by definition of
porosity will be 1 and
total volume is 1+e.
Vv e
n
V 1 e
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VOIDS
1+e
SOLIDS
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Vv
n
e
Vs 1 n
VOIDS
n
1
SOLIDS
1-n
e
(n
)
1 e
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e = void ratio
Vs=1= volume of solids
We, know
AIR
e
M w w . Vw
w
Ms
s . Vs
WATER
(A)
Now,
Vw
s
S
G
&
Vv
w
(1)
(2)
ew
1+e
1
SOLIDS
s G w
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w . S Vv S Vv
S
w
e
w .G Vs G Vs G
case of fully saturated soil S=1. So, e=w G
In
Se wG
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DERIVE :
(G e . Sr ) w
b
1 e
We know that,
W Ws Ww
b
V
V
s . Vs w .Vw
b
V
s .1 w .ew
b
1 e
Ws
Ww
( s
&w
)
Vs
Vw
from fig Vs 1, Vw ew , V 1 e
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Now,
G. w ew . w
b
1 e
s
(G
& e w e.Sr )
w
(G ew ) w
b
1 e
(G e.S r ) w
b
1 e
If soil is fully dry, Sr 0 and b d
G. w
d
1 e
If soil is fully saturated, Sr 1 and b sat
sat
(G e) w
1 e
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DERIVE :
dry
1 w
We know that,
Mt
Ms Mw
b
V
V
M s wM s
Mw
b
(w
)
V
Ms
b
b
M s (1 w)
V
dry .(1 w)
dry
But, dry
Ms
b
(1 w)
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M2 M3
w
*100%
M 3 M1
Where, M1= mass of empty container
M2= mass of container + wet soil
M3= mass of container + dry soil
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PROCEDURE:1. Clean the container, dry it and weight it with the lid. (W1)
2. Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the
container & weight it with the lid.(W2)
3. Place the container with its lid removed, in the oven till its
weight become constant.
4. When the soil has dried, remove the container from the
oven using tongs.
5. Find the weight W3 of the container with the lid and the
dry soil sample.
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M2 M3
w
*100 %
M 3 M1
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Clean and dry the pycnometer. Find its mass with cap
as M1.
2. Place about 200 gm of oven dried soil passing
through 4.75 mm sieve.
3. Determine mass of pycnometer with dry soil as M2.
4. Add sufficient amount of de-aired water to the soil in
the pycnometer. Thoroughly mix it. Determine mass
of pycnometer with soil and water as M3.
5. Empty the pycnometer, clean it and wipe it try.
6. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water and find its
mass as M4.
7. Now, calculate the specific gravity of soil solids as
under :
G = (M2-M1) / (M4-M1) (M3-M2)
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1.
2.
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7. Weigh the sand pouring cylinder with sand and lid as W5.
8.Weigh of sand in the excavated hole W6 = W3 W2 W5
9. Density of sand in hole = weight of sand in hole / volume of hole
volume of hole = weight of sand in hole / density of sand in hole
v = W6 / s
10. Bulk density of soil = weight of soil collected from hole / volume of hole
b = W4 / V
11. Determine water content of soil collected from the hole as w.
12. Dry density of soil, d = b / 1 + w.
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RELATIVE DENSITY
The relative density is generally used to
indicated the in situ (on site) denseness or
looseness of soil. It is define by;
emax e
Dr
emax emin
where,
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ID
max d min
(
)
d max min
here, min
M min
Vm
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REFERENCE
Google
Modern geotechnical engineering;
by-ALAM SINGH
Geotechnical engineering;
by-Dr. R.P. Rethaliya
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