You are on page 1of 35

Test Breakdown

A
AB+
B
BC+
C
D
F
8/1/2004

>= 93% (63)


>= 90% (60)
Average: 63.2% + 10%
>= 87% (57)
>= 83% (54)
Std Dev: 21.5%
>= 80% (52)
Scores will be
>= 77% (51)
adjusted up by 10%
>= 70% (45)
>= 60% (38)
< 60% (37 or less)
1

Chapter 14
Gravitation

Gravity
One of the fundamental forces of Nature
Not just the reason things fall.
Why the Earth is round
Why the moon goes around the earth
Why the earth goes around the sun
Why there are ocean tides

8/1/2004

Gravitational Force
m1

Fg

Fg

m2

m1m2
Fg G 2
r
Fg is an attractive force between any two masses
Fg is not a constant unless you have a small object
near the surface of a big sphere
G = 6.672 x 10-11 N m2/kg2
8/1/2004

Multiple Objects
Obeys principle of superposition:
M1
r1

M3
r3

m
r2

M2

8/1/2004

M 1m
Fg G 2
r
M 2m
G 2
r
M 3m
G 2 ...
r

Extended Objects
1

Fg

Fg

Each bit of #1 attracts each bit of #2


Need to integrate over whole object to get Fg

Fg dF
8/1/2004

Extended Objects: Special Case


Can treat uniform spherical shells (and thus
spheres) like point masses located at geometric
center
No gravitational force inside uniform spherical
shell (it integrates to zero)

Fg = 0

8/1/2004

Gravitational Force Examples


m1m2
F G 2
r

Force between earth and sun

2
30
24

m
(
1
.
99

10
kg
)(
5
.
98

10
kg )
11
F 6.672 10 N 2
11
2
kg
(
1
.
49

10
m
)

23.5 10 22 N

Force between two people (assumed spherical)

2
(60 kg )(60 kg )
m
11
7
F 6.672 10 N 2

2
.
4

10
N
2
kg
(1 m)

8/1/2004

Example: (Problem 14.16)


a)What will an object weigh on the Moons
surface if it weighs 100 N on Earths surface?
b)How many Earth radii must this same object be
from the center of Earth if it is to weigh the
same as it does on the Moon?

8/1/2004

Example:
Find the mass of the object:
m

Fg , Earth
g Earth

100 N

10.2 kg
2
9.8 m / s

On the Moon:
GM Moon m
Fg
2
rMoon

8/1/2004

(6.672 10

11 Nm 2
kg 2

)(7.35 10 22 kg )(10.2 kg )

(1.74 106 m) 2
Fg 16.5 N

10

Example:
Distance from the earth with the same weight:
GM Earth m
Fg
r2

GM Earth m
r
Fg
r

(6.672 10

)(5.97 10 24 kg )(10.2 kg )
16.5 N

1 REarth
2.5 REarth
r 1.57 10 m
6
6.38 10 m
11
7

8/1/2004

11 Nm 2
kg 2

Objects Near Earths Surface


Re

mME
Fg G
ma g
2
RE

ME
ag G 2
RE

As long as the distance above earths surface is


small compared to RE, the force is approximately
constant
8/1/2004

12

Variation of Gravitational Force on


Earths Surface
1)Earth is not uniformly dense
Variations in crust from region to region
2)Earth is not a sphere
Bulge at the equator
3)Apparent change from earths rotation
In this case, a g g
8/1/2004

13

Variation of g from Rotation


At the earths pole, there is no
centripetal acceleration:
N
ac=0

Fg

Fnet mac
N Fg 0
8/1/2004

Me
N m G 2 mg
Re

At the pole, g=ag

14

Variation of g from Rotation


At the equator:
ac
Fg

Fnet mac
N Fg m 2 R

At the equator, g < ag!

Me

2
N m G 2 R mg
Re

Effectively lower gravity

8/1/2004

g = 9.801 m/s2 in Pittsburgh


g = 9.786 m/s2 in Jamaica!!
15

Gravitation Inside a Sphere


Recall: No gravitational force exerted on an object
inside a spherical shell
As you travel further into a
sphere, the layers above can
be thought of as many
spherical shells, which exert
no gravitational force!
Only the mass of the sphere below you matters
for calculating Fg!
8/1/2004

16

Inner Gravity
Only the mass of the
inward sphere
contributes to Fg
Movie claims that earths core is a trillion trillion tons
1012 1012 tons = 1027 kg
Mass of entire Earth: 61024 kg !!!
Real inner core: m = 1.7% MEarth
ginner = 0.017g
8/1/2004

They walk as if under 1 g!!!


17

Gravitational Potential Energy


Gravity is a conservative force what is the
associated potential energy?
U = -W

x2

W F ( x)dx

and

x1

So for point masses or spheres m1 and m2


m1m2
m1m2
W U (x) - U () G 2 dx G

x
x
Taking U = 0 at x =
x

8/1/2004

m1m2
W U (x) G
x

18

Gravitational Potential Energy


For point masses or spheres m1 and m2
m1m2
U (r) G
r
Note: U = at r = 0
U
r

8/1/2004

F = - dU/dr
Always attractive

19

Gravitational Potential Energy for


Astronaut between Earth and Moon
M E mA
U Earth ( x) G
x
rEM
x

M M mA
U Moon ( x) G
rEM x

ME
MM

U ( x) U Earth ( x) U Moon ( x) Gm A

rEM x
x
Ftot can be zero at some x What about Utot?
8/1/2004

20

Example:
Find where Fnet on the
astronaut equals zero.
FEarth
FMoon

M E mA
G
x2
M M mA
G
(rEM x) 2

FEarth FMoon
GM E m A GM M m A

2
x
(rEM x) 2
8/1/2004

rEM
x

M M x 2 M E (rEM 2rEM x x 2 )
2

( M E M M ) x 2 2M E rEM x M E rEM 0
ME
x
rEM
ME MM

Which solution is real?

21

Path Independence
The amount of work done against a gravitational
potential does not depend on the path taken
(conservative force)
y

A
8/1/2004

22

Escape Velocity
What speed does an object need to escape the
Earths gravity?
It needs just enough KE to get to r and stop
mM e
1 2
Ei K i U i mvesc G
U 0
2
Re

vesc

2GM e

Re

Escape velocity from Earth is:


vesc 1.12 10 4 m / s 25,000 mph
8/1/2004

23

Example: (Problem 14.29)


The mean diameters of Mars and Earth are
6.9x103 km and 1.3x104 km, respectively. The
mass of Mars is 0.11 times Earths mass.
a)What is the ratio of the mean density of Mars
to that of Earth?
b)What is the value of the gravitational
acceleration on Mars?
c) What is the escape speed on Mars?
8/1/2004

24

Keplers 1st Law


All planets move in elliptical orbits, with the Sun
at one focus
r
F

ea

Eccentricities, e, of planets are small (close to


circular)
8/1/2004

25

Keplers 2nd Law


The rate at which a planet sweeps out an area A
is constant. (Constant areal velocity)

A
F

8/1/2004

26

Keplers 3rd Law


The square of the period of any planet is
proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of
its orbit
2
4

T2
r3
GM

8/1/2004

27

Example: (Problem 14.42)


Determine the mass of Earth from the period T
(27.3 days) and the radius r (3.82x105 km) of the
Moons orbit about Earth. Assume that the Moon
orbits the center of Earth rather than the center of
mass of the Earth-Moon system.

8/1/2004

28

Example:
27.3 days 2.36 10 6 s

Keplers 3rd law:


2
4

T2
r3
GM Earth

M Earth
M Earth

4 2 r 3

GT 2

4 2 (3.82 108 m)3

11 Nm 2
(6.672 10 kg 2 )(2.36 10 6 s ) 2
M Earth 5.9 10 24 kg

8/1/2004

29

Circular Orbits
Fg
v

Simplest case:

8/1/2004

mM e
mv 2
Ftot G 2 mac
r
r
GM e
v
vesc
r

30

Geosynchronous Orbit
A satellite can stay over one
location on earth.

Period = 1 day

GM e
v
r
2 r
2
T

r 3/ 2
v
GM e

8/1/2004

GM e
T

2/3

r 4.22 107 m 26,000 miles


31

Why is there free fall on the orbiting


space shuttle?
R=Rorbit < 2Re so gravitational force is not negligible

a = GME/R2
a = GME/R2

Both shuttle and occupants accelerating toward


center of earth with same acceleration
8/1/2004

32

Energy in a Circular Orbit


m
M

Mm
U G
r
1 2 1
K mv m
2
2

GM
r

GMm

2r

GMm GMm
GMm
E K U

2r
r
2r

For an elliptical orbit, substitute a for r


GMm
E
2a
8/1/2004

33

Ocean Tides
Caused by difference in
gravitational force across
the extent of the earth.

Water closest to Moon


pulled upward
Water farthest from Moon pulled less and thus
bulges outward
Smaller effect from the sun even though it has
stronger gravitational pull. Why?
8/1/2004

34

Tides

The effects from the sun and


moon can work together to
form a spring tide
8/1/2004

or against each other to form


a neap tide

35

You might also like