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8/1/2004
Chapter 14
Gravitation
Gravity
One of the fundamental forces of Nature
Not just the reason things fall.
Why the Earth is round
Why the moon goes around the earth
Why the earth goes around the sun
Why there are ocean tides
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Gravitational Force
m1
Fg
Fg
m2
m1m2
Fg G 2
r
Fg is an attractive force between any two masses
Fg is not a constant unless you have a small object
near the surface of a big sphere
G = 6.672 x 10-11 N m2/kg2
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Multiple Objects
Obeys principle of superposition:
M1
r1
M3
r3
m
r2
M2
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M 1m
Fg G 2
r
M 2m
G 2
r
M 3m
G 2 ...
r
Extended Objects
1
Fg
Fg
Fg dF
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Fg = 0
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2
30
24
m
(
1
.
99
10
kg
)(
5
.
98
10
kg )
11
F 6.672 10 N 2
11
2
kg
(
1
.
49
10
m
)
23.5 10 22 N
2
(60 kg )(60 kg )
m
11
7
F 6.672 10 N 2
2
.
4
10
N
2
kg
(1 m)
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Example:
Find the mass of the object:
m
Fg , Earth
g Earth
100 N
10.2 kg
2
9.8 m / s
On the Moon:
GM Moon m
Fg
2
rMoon
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(6.672 10
11 Nm 2
kg 2
)(7.35 10 22 kg )(10.2 kg )
(1.74 106 m) 2
Fg 16.5 N
10
Example:
Distance from the earth with the same weight:
GM Earth m
Fg
r2
GM Earth m
r
Fg
r
(6.672 10
)(5.97 10 24 kg )(10.2 kg )
16.5 N
1 REarth
2.5 REarth
r 1.57 10 m
6
6.38 10 m
11
7
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11 Nm 2
kg 2
mME
Fg G
ma g
2
RE
ME
ag G 2
RE
12
13
Fg
Fnet mac
N Fg 0
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Me
N m G 2 mg
Re
14
Fnet mac
N Fg m 2 R
Me
2
N m G 2 R mg
Re
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16
Inner Gravity
Only the mass of the
inward sphere
contributes to Fg
Movie claims that earths core is a trillion trillion tons
1012 1012 tons = 1027 kg
Mass of entire Earth: 61024 kg !!!
Real inner core: m = 1.7% MEarth
ginner = 0.017g
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x2
W F ( x)dx
and
x1
x
x
Taking U = 0 at x =
x
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m1m2
W U (x) G
x
18
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F = - dU/dr
Always attractive
19
M M mA
U Moon ( x) G
rEM x
ME
MM
U ( x) U Earth ( x) U Moon ( x) Gm A
rEM x
x
Ftot can be zero at some x What about Utot?
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20
Example:
Find where Fnet on the
astronaut equals zero.
FEarth
FMoon
M E mA
G
x2
M M mA
G
(rEM x) 2
FEarth FMoon
GM E m A GM M m A
2
x
(rEM x) 2
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rEM
x
M M x 2 M E (rEM 2rEM x x 2 )
2
( M E M M ) x 2 2M E rEM x M E rEM 0
ME
x
rEM
ME MM
21
Path Independence
The amount of work done against a gravitational
potential does not depend on the path taken
(conservative force)
y
A
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22
Escape Velocity
What speed does an object need to escape the
Earths gravity?
It needs just enough KE to get to r and stop
mM e
1 2
Ei K i U i mvesc G
U 0
2
Re
vesc
2GM e
Re
23
24
ea
25
A
F
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26
T2
r3
GM
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27
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28
Example:
27.3 days 2.36 10 6 s
T2
r3
GM Earth
M Earth
M Earth
4 2 r 3
GT 2
11 Nm 2
(6.672 10 kg 2 )(2.36 10 6 s ) 2
M Earth 5.9 10 24 kg
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29
Circular Orbits
Fg
v
Simplest case:
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mM e
mv 2
Ftot G 2 mac
r
r
GM e
v
vesc
r
30
Geosynchronous Orbit
A satellite can stay over one
location on earth.
Period = 1 day
GM e
v
r
2 r
2
T
r 3/ 2
v
GM e
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GM e
T
2/3
a = GME/R2
a = GME/R2
32
Mm
U G
r
1 2 1
K mv m
2
2
GM
r
GMm
2r
GMm GMm
GMm
E K U
2r
r
2r
33
Ocean Tides
Caused by difference in
gravitational force across
the extent of the earth.
34
Tides
35