Advance Open Channel

Hydraulics

Dr. Shahid Ali

Dr. Shahid Ali

PhD

Hydraulic & Water Resource Engineering (Fluid Dynamics)

Technical University Delft, the Netherlands
MSc (Nuclear Engineering), PIEAS Nilore Islamabad , Pakistan
MSc (Hydraulic & Irrigation Engineering), UET Taxila, Pakistan
BSc ( Civil Engineering), UET Taxila, Pakistan

Course Outlines
INTRODUCTION

Introduction,Basicdefinitions
FlowClassification,Normalflow,VelocityDistributioninopenchannels
PressureDistribution(HydrostaticandNonhydrostatic),Froudenumber&Reynolds
number

BASIC PRINCIPLES
Reynoldstransporttheorem
ConservationofMass,MomentumandEnergy
UNIFORM FLOW
FlowinrectangularandNon-rectangularchannels
Criticalflow,Specificenergy,Flowresistance
Computationofuniformflow,Normaldepthincompoundchannel,Channeldesign

GRADUALLY-VARIED FLOW

Thegradually-varied-flowequation,Findingthefrictionslope
Profileclassification,Qualitativeexamplesofopen-channel-flowbehavior
NumericalsolutionoftheGVFequation

RAPIDLY-VARIED FLOW

Hydraulicjumpandenergydissipation
Specificenergy,Critical-flowdevices,Rapidlyvariedflowcomputation
Visualizationofhydraulicjump,Characteristicofflowoverweirs
Flowoverspillway,ogeeweir,Flowaroundpiers
Flowinconverginganddivergingchannelsection,Forcesonobjects

UNSTEADY FLOW

Definitions,Heightandcelerityofsurgewaves
DerivationSt.VenantequationsShallowwaterwave
Kinematicwavetheory,Diffusionwavetheory
Hydraulicfloodrouting,Floodwayandchannelimprovement

Introduction to Computational Hydraulics

softwares
RIC-Nays
SSIIM
HEC-RAS

Recommended Textbooks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Chaudhry, M. H., 2008, Open-Channel Flow, 2nd Edition

Chanson, H., 2004, Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction, 2nd Edition
Akan, A., O., 2006, Open Channel Hydraulics, 1st Edition
Chow, V.,T., 1959, Open Channel Hydraulics, 1st Edition
Chadwick, A.J., Morfett, J.C., and Borthwick, M., 2013, Hydraulics in Civil and
Environmental Engineering, 5th Edition
Hamill, L., 2011, Understanding Hydraulics, 3rd Edition

Open Channel Flow

Typical Open Channel

Shapes

ClassificationOfFlowType

Basic Principles

1.MassBalance(ContinuityEquation)
2.MomentumBalance(ForceBalance)
3.EnergyBalance

Physical Processes
1. Diffusion
2. Convection/Advection

DistributedFlowroutinginchannels
DistributedRouting
St.Venantequations
Continuityequation

Q A

0
x t
MomentumEquation

1 Q 1 Q 2
y

g g ( S o S f ) 0

A t A x A
x

Assumptions for St. Venant

Equations
Flowisone-dimensional
Hydrostaticpressureprevailsandverticalaccelerationsare

negligible
Streamlinecurvatureissmall.
Bottomslopeofthechannelissmall.
Manningsequationisusedtodescriberesistanceeffects
Thefluidisincompressible

Continuity Equation
Q = inflow to the control volume
q = lateral inflow
Q
x
Q

Rate of change of flow

with distance

Q
dx
x

Outflow from the C.V.

( Adx)
t

Elevation View

Reynolds transport theorem

0

Plan View

Change in mass

d
d V .dA

dt c.v.
c.s .

Continuity Equation
Q A

0
x t

(Vy ) y

0
x
t

y
V y
y

0
x
x t

Conservation form

Non-conservation form (velocity is dependent

variable)

Momentum Equation
From Newtons 2nd Law:
Net force = time rate of change of

momentum
d
F dt Vd VV .dA
c .v .
c.s.
Sum of forces
on the C.V.
Momentum stored
within the C.V

Momentum flow
across the C. S.

Forces acting on the C.V.

Fg = Gravity force due to

Elevation View

Plan View

weight of water in the

C.V.
Ff = friction force due to
shear stress along the
bottom and sides of the
C.V.
Fe =
contraction/expansion
force due to abrupt
changes in the channel
cross-section
Fw = wind shear force
due to frictional
resistance of wind at the
water surface
Fp = unbalanced
pressure forces due to
hydrostatic forces on the

Momentum Equation
d
F dt Vd VV .dA
c .v .
c.s.
Sum of forces
on the C.V.
Momentum stored
within the C.V

Momentum flow
across the C. S.

1 Q 1 Q 2
y

g g (So S f ) 0

A t A x A
x

Momentum Equation
2

1 Q 1 Q
y

g g ( S o S f ) 0

A t A x A
x
Local
acceleration
term

Convective
acceleration
term

Pressure
force
term

Gravity
force
term

Friction
force
term

V
V
y
V
g g (So S f ) 0
t
x
x
Kinematic Wave
Diffusion Wave
Dynamic Wave

Momentum Equation
1 V V V y

So S f
g t g x x
Steady, uniform flow
Steady, non-uniform flow
Unsteady, non-uniform flow

Thanks