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Pakistan Affairs

8/29/15

Pakistan
Affairs
Day 2

Sequence
Evolution

and

Growth

of

Muslim

Society in the Sub-Continent


Causes of Downfall of the Muslim Rule
The Bhakti Movement
Deen-e- Illahi
Role of Sufis

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Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Revised Syllabus
2016

Revised Syllabus
1. Ideology of Pakistan ----- definition and elucidation, historical

aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-continent, its downfall and efforts


for Renaissance. Movements for reforms -- Shaikh Ahmad
Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh,
Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions- Sindh
Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of Pakistan in
the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid i
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
2. Land
and
people
of
Pakistan-Geography, Society,
Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry
and education with
reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
3. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
4. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security;
International Concerns
5. Regional Economic Cooperation (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role
of Pakistan
6. Civil-Military
Relations
in Pakistan
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Revised Syllabus
7. Pakistans Role in the Region
8. Palestine Issue
9. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National

Security of Pakistan
10.Political Evolution Since 1971
11.Pakistan and US War on Terror
12.Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
13.Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
14.Ethnic Issues and National Integration
15.Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
16.Pakistans National Interest
17.Challenges to Sovereignty
18.Pakistans Energy Problems and their Effects
19.Pakistans Relations with Neighbors excluding India
20.Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
21.Kashmir Issue
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Revised Syllabus
22.Economic Challenges in Pakistan
23.Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-

State Actors
24.The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and
challenges to Pakistan, in the Post 2014 era.
25.Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
26.Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic
Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems
and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
27.The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest
Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal
Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
28.The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies
to Deal with Them, Poverty, Education, Health and Sanitation
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Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Draw
This
Map
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Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Evolution and Growth of


Muslim Society in the SubContinent

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Muslim Rule in India


After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500 AD, India
broke apart into a number of small kingdoms.
The Arrival of Islam
Muslim Raiders
During period of small Next Muslims to arrive not
kingdoms, Arab Muslim
so peaceful
traders arrived in India
Early 700 AD, Muslim
for first time
raiders including Mohd bin
Traders sailed to ports on
Qasim,
invaded
and
west coast in search of
conquered region of Sind,
goods such as spices
in what is now Pakistan
300 years later, Muslims
Over time, traders settled
poured into north India
in India, lived peacefully
from Afghanistan
beside Hindus, Buddhists
By

1200s,

most

of

Advent of Islam
Arab Traders in Malabar Region (Link between them and

South East Asia)


The first Indian mosque was built in 629 A.D, at the

behest of Cheraman Perumal (later converted to Islam),


who is also considered the first Indian Muslim. It was
constructed in the district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik
Bin Deenar (Tabiin and 12 associates)
In Malabar, the Mappilas may have been the first

community to convert to Islam


Source: Elliot and Dowson in their book: The History of India as told by

its own Historians


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Malabar (Kerala)

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Cheraman Perumal
King of Chera

Dynasty in Malabar
First Muslim Mosque

of India
Cheraman to

Tajuddin

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Invasions of Sub
Continent
In 644 AD, Balochistan (Part of Sistan) was captured

by Suhail Ibn Adi under King Umers rule


Around 664 AD, during the Umayyad Caliphate, led by

Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah marched towards Multan in


Southern Punjab (in modern day Pakistan).
Muhallab's expeditions were not aimed at conquest,

though they penetrated only as far as Multan, he


returned with wealth and prisoners of war.
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Extent of
Islamic World
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Growth of Muslim Society


It took several centuries for Islam to spread across

India and how it did so is a topic of intense debate.


There are several schools of thought in this regard:
1. Inspiration with Islamic teachings
2. Forced conversions to Islam
3. Inter-marriages
4. Economic integration
5. Sufism
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Growth of Muslim Society


6. Imposition of Jizya and Dhimmitude (protected)
favoring Muslim citizens, and the threat of naked
force. Dhimmitude can only be understood in

the context ofjihad, because it originates from


this ideology. Infidels who submit without
fighting to the Islamic armies, were granted a
pledge of security. Peace and security for nonMuslims were recognized only after their
submission. Protection status was provided
through the Islamization of conquered lands.
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Key Muslim
Periods

Ghaznavi Period
In 1001, Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated Shahi Raja

Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty of Gandhara


Also fought against the Ismaili Fatimids and

obtained

formal

recognition

of

Ghazni's

sovereignty from the Abbassid Khalifah, al-Qadir


Billah
Died in 1030 at the age of 59
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Muhammad Ghauri
Muhammad Ghouri was a Turk-Afghan conqueror

from the region of Ghor in Afghanistan


In 1160, the Ghourids conquered Ghazni from the

Ghaznevids
In 1187, he conquered Lahore in alliance with a

local Hindu ruler


1191 and 1192, won Battle of Tarain vs Prithvi Raj

Chohan
Died
in 1200 and
Qutbuddin
Aibak
took Control 21
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Pakistan Affairs
by Asmatullah Junejo,
PSP

The Slave Dynasty (12111290)


The Khalji (12901320)
The Tughlaq (13201413)
The Sayyid (141451)
The Lodhi (14511526)

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The Slave Dynasty (12111290)


Mamluk DynastyorGhulam Dynasty
Qutb-ud-din Aybak (12061210).
Aram Shah (12101211).
Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), son-in-law of

Qut-bud-din Aybak.
Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.
Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (12361240), daughter of
Iltutmish.
Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242), son of Iltutmish.
Ala ud din Masud (12421246), son of Ruk-nuddin.
Nasir ud din Mahmud (12461266), son of
Iltutmish.
Ghiyas ud din Balban (12661286), ex-slave, sonin-law of Iltutmish.
Muiz ud din Pakistan
Qaiqabad
(12861290), grandson of 23
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Khalji Sultans of Delhi (12901320)


Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)
Ala ud din Khilji (1296-1316)
Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)

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Tughluq Dynasty
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325)
Muhammad Shah II (1325 - 1351)
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad ( March 1351)
Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)
Abu Baker (1389 - 1390)
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)
Sikander Shah I ( March - April 1393)
Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393

- 1394)
(1394-1398)
Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq, controlled
the west from Firozabad
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah, son of Mahmud Nasir ud
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Pakistaneast
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din,
Delhi

Mughals
Babar (1526-1530)
Hamayun(15301539, 15551556)
Akbar (15561605 )
Jehangir (16051627 )
Shah Jehan(16281658 )
Aurungzeb (16581707 )

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Later Mughals
Bahadur

Shah I 1707-1712 First of the


Mughal emperors to preside over a steady and
severe decline in the territories under the
empire's control and military power. After his
reign, the emperor became a progressively
insignificant figurehead.
Jahandar Shah
1712-1713 He was merely
a puppet in the hands of his Chief Minister
Zulfikar Khan. The acts of Jahandar Shah
brought down the prestige of the Mughal
Empire.
Furrukhsiyar
1713-1719 In
1717
he
granted a free hand to the British East
India Company granting them duty free
trading rights for Bengal, and confirmed
their position in India.
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Later Mughals
Muhammad Ibrahim
Muhammad
Shah 1719-1720,

1720-1748
Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748-54
Alamgir II 1754-1759
Shah Alam II 1759-1806 Suffered the invasion of
Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761; granted the 'Nizami'
of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the BEIC in
1765, formally accepted the protection of the
BEIC in 1803.
Akbar Shah II1806-1837 Titular figurehead under
British protection
Bahadur Shah Zafar 1837-1857 Deposed by the
British and exiled to Burma following the Great
Mutiny.
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Causes of
Downfall of the
Muslim Rule

Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
I. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb
After the death of Aurangzeb, his incapable and

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weak successors had not the stamina of holding


his vast empire.
There began a war of Succession among his sons.
After 1707 A.D. most of the Mughal rulers had
indulged in luxury and indolence.
They were brought up in worldly comforts and
could not stand hardship.
The rulers like Muhammad Shah Rangila loved
singing and dancing more than affairs of empire.
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Causes of Downfall of the


Muslim Rule
II. Weak Central Government
A strong central government is must for strong
sultanate. When the central government
becomes weak there arises rebellions in the
country.
When the Muslim rulers lost their control on the
central government, Marathas of Decan, Sikhs
of Punjab and Jats of Agra and Delhi exploited
the situation. They set up several independent
states in their respective areas.
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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
III. No Rules for Succession
Mughals had no set rules for succession. Whenever a
ruler died, there appeared many royal princes to claim
for the right to succession. There was a war among
them.
The victorious prince would slay his opponents and
succeed to the throne. The nobles and army would,
therefore, divide into many groups.
This gave a strong blow to the prestige and power of the
government. Many experienced generals were slain.
The succession war that took place among the sons of
the Shah Jehan caused a great damage to the good-will
of the Mughal dynasty.
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Causes of Downfall of the


Muslim Rule
IV. Lack of Resources
Due to the weakness of the Mughal rulers, the
provinces of Bengal, Gujrat, Deccan and Oudh
became autonomous and independent.
As a result, the financial resources of the
government became less and the government
treasure became empty.
In the last days of the Mughal rule, the emperors
were the pensioners of the British administration.
Due to the lack of financial resources, it had
become difficult to raise huge army for defense.
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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
V. Backward in Education
During

the period of Muslim rule the education


system completely depended on the religious
institutions which were run by the trusts.
The British confiscated these trusts. As a result, the
Muslims lagged behind in the field of education.
They neither cooperated with the conquerors nor did
they want to learn English language which was the
fate way to modern sciences.
This backwardness boldly affected their economic and
political life. As a result Hindus occupied high
positions in government offices and left the Muslims
behind in every
walk of life.
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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
VI. Luxurious Life
The wealth and prolonging of the Mughal rule
made the Mughal princes fond of luxurious life.
At the royal court, the jesters and musicians were
preferred to the brave and the warrior soldiers.
When the nobles saw that the flatterers enjoyed
more respect and were honored with prizes as
compared to anybody else they also got
temptation to choose the same course.

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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
VII. Undue Liberal Policy of Akbar
Akbar was monarch marked with grandeurs. He

made a number of conquests and set up an effective


administration in his vast empire.
He was however, so liberal that he married Hindu
women and appointed Hindu on key posts.
Thus Hindus became influential and they began to
exercise their powers in state affairs.
Akbar also introduced a new religion Deen-i-Ilahi
which led him to take such measures as were
against the tenets of Islamic faith. This policy caused
a great harm to his vast empire and led it on the way
to decline. Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
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Causes of Downfall of the


Muslim Rule
VIII.Weak Military Force
The Muslim rulers could not perceive the call of the time.
They did not give importance to develop modern
weapons and latest techniques of warfare.
The Muslim soldiers depended on arrows and lances
which were not enough to meet the new challenges. The
generals lost courage. They became so easy-loving that
they went in litters to the battle field, and were
accompanied by servants and women.
During the sixteenth century when the European nations
reached India, they took advantage of the weakness of
the Muslim army and took possession of their territories.
Decline in the military force is an important cause of the
decline of the Muslim rule in the subcontinent.
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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
IX. Lack of Naval Power
The

Muslim rulers of the subcontinent gave no


importance to navy whereas the European countries had
developed their fleets which established their supremacy
over the coastal countries.
They could easily conquer the new territory by applying
naval force. The Muslims had no navy to defend their
coastal territories. In the Arabian Sea and the Indian
Ocean the circumstances reached the stage that the
pilgrims had to seek permission from the Portuguese
before proceeding for pilgrimage.
The Portuguese openly warned the Muslims that they
would wreak vengeance on them at sea if the later
caused any harm
to them.
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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
X. Foreign Invasions
During the reign of Muhammad Shah Rangila, India was
attacked by Nadir Shah of Iran. This attack proved a severe
blow to the Mughal Kingdom. The massacre carried out by the
invaders in Delhi shattered the economy of the country and the
Mughal Emperor altogether lost his dignity.
Later, the Marathas paralyzed even the remaining power of
Mughals.
Even in these critical circumstances, the courtiers continued
their conspiracies. The invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali
destroyed even the remaining prestige of the Mughal Kingdom.
The Third Battle of Panipat though destroyed the power of
Marathas, yet it only provided the British with an opportunity to
make their position strong in the Subcontinent.
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Causes of Downfall of
the Muslim Rule
XI. Internal Conspiracies
The incompetent successors of Aurangzeb made the
Royal court an area of conspiracies. The ministers
and nobles were made about key posts and
monopoly on state affairs.
This struggle badly upset the whole administration.
Jealousy and hypocrisy ruled the country.
The nobles quarreled among themselves for power.
Such a state of affairs turned the country too weak
to survive.
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Causes of Downfall of the


Muslim Rule
XII. Loss of the Spirit of Jehad
The spirit of Jehad has always been the main spring

of Islamic Government.
Akbar caused this spirit by preferring Hindu to
Muslims.
After Akbar, the requirement of fresh blood to the
army from the martial races of Central Asia had
been stopped.
The local recruits loved life of ease. The Mughal
princes were indulged in luxuries.
The army became indolent. This factor weakened
the Muslim army and was no longer able to defend
the country.Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
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Causes of Downfall of the


Muslim
Rule
XIII.Foreign Intrigues
The English who had come as traders took full

advantage of the internal anarchy. They conspired


with Meer Jafar and became the masters of Bengal.
The gold of Bengal made their success possible in the
Anglo-French wars in the Deccan.
In Mysore, they won over Meer Sadiq to betray Tipu
Sultan.
They used their advance military power as well as
intriguing tricks to weaken the Muslim government
and succeeded in their imperialistic designs.
After the failure of the Independence War (1857),
they put an end to the Muslim rule and brought the
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Affairs by Asmatullah
PSP
45
whole continent
their Junejo,
possession.

South Asia in 18th Century

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Write Up
What are the basic reasons of
the downfall of Muslim Rule in
India.

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The Bhakti
Movement

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The
Bhakti
Movemen
t Started
in Tamil
Nadu

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The Bhakti Movement


During

the 14th17th centuries, a great Bhakti


movement swept through central and northern India,
initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers or
saints.
The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious
movement in which the main spiritual practice is
loving devotion among the Shaivite and Vaishnava
saints.
The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil
Nadu and began to spread to the north during the late
medieval ages when north India was under Islamic
rule and the Muslim rulers were pressing the public to
convert from Hindu to Islam.
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The Bhakti Movement


The history of the movement goes back to the time of

great reformer Shankaracharya (700-800 AD) who


gave Hinduism a solid philosophical background.
The movement became popular in the middle ages.
Kabirs teachings had great influence in the Punjab,
but actually the movement in the Punjab was led by
Guru Nanak and his nine successors.
The message was spread among the people of the
Punjab for ten generations. This intense and organized
propaganda of the Bhakti cult by the Sikh Gurus led to
the foundation of a community of Bhaktas known as
the Sikhs.
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The Bhakti Movement


Beyond the confines of such formal schools and

movements, however, the development of Bhakti as a


major form of Hindu practice started to have an
indelible stamp on the faith.
Generally a liberal movement, its denouncement of

caste offered recourse for Hindus from the orthodox


Brahaminical systems.
According to its teachings, Both Ram and Rehman are
one.
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Deen-e- Illahi
16th Century

Mughal Empire

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Introduction
The Deen-i Ilh i.e. "Religion of God was a

syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal


emperor Akbar the Great in 1582 AD.
He intending to merge the best elements of the

religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the


differences that divided his subjects.
The elements were drawn from Islam, Hinduism,

Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.


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Teachings of Deen-eIllahi
Akbar promoted tolerance of other faiths. In fact, not only

did he tolerate them, he encouraged debate on


philosophical and religious issues. This led to the creation
of the Ibdat Khna ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri
in 1575.
He had already repealed the Jizya (tax on non-Muslims) in
1568.
From the discussions he led at the Ibdat Khna, Akbar
concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly
of truth. This inspired him to create the Dn-i Ilh in 1582.
Various pious Muslims, among them the Qadi of Bengal
and the seminal Sufi personality Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi,
responded by declaring this to be blasphemy to Islam.
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Teachings of Deen-eIllahi
Deen-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and

pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence,


abstinence and kindness are the core virtues.
The soul is encouraged to purify itself through
yearning of God.
Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals
is forbidden. There are neither sacred scriptures nor
a priestly hierarchy in this religion.
He increased the marriage; minimum age for boys
to 16 and girls to 14.
No marriages among cousins as they are like
brothers and sisters.
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Role of Sufis

Sufism
Two origins of the word sufi have been suggested.
Commonly, the lexical root of the word is traced to

afa which in Arabic means "purity". Another origin is


f "wool" in Arabic, referring to the simple cloaks the
early Muslim ascetics wore. The two were combined by
the Sufi al-Rudhabari who said, "The Sufi is the one
who wears wool on top of purity
According to the medieval scholar Ab Rayn al-

Brn, the word sufi is derived from the Greek word


sofia, meaning wisdom.
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Prominent Orders of Sufis


Four

orders

prominent
around

Sufi

11th-12th

century
1. Chistia Order
2. Suharwardya Order
3. Naqshbandia Order
4. Qadri Order
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Role of Sufis
Contrary to the spiritual mission of Sufism, the cult
was primarily introduced in India for spread of Islam
with a view to help the Muslim rulers for political
domination.
ii. By and large the spiritual successors of mystic Islamic
saints enjoyed the royal favor of Muslim rulers and
gave moral support to the atrocious Muslim invaders
and looked other way to ignore the growing social
conflict.
iii. They also guided the State in political affairs with their
experience of regular interaction with common people.
iv. They also endeavored to neutralize the negative
effects of the Bhakti Movement.
i.

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Criticism against Sufism


i.

Monasticism
Monasticism, which they innovated; We did not

prescribe it for them". (Holy Quran 57:27)

ii. Anti-Materialistic strain


There is much emphasis on physical laws of the
universe within the Quran, urging believers to
study and understand the "signs" of God in the
physical world (Holy Quran 2:164)

iii. Sufism as a method of bypassing the rules of


Islam (Sharia) in order to attain salvation directly
iv. Much Sufi poetry refers to intoxication
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Criticism against Sufism


v. "Neo-Sufism" and Universal Sufism" denote

forms of Sufism that do not require adherence to


Shariah or a Muslim faith. The Universal Sufism
movement was founded by Inayat Khan, teaches
the essential unity of all faiths, and accepts
members of all creeds.
vi. Evolution of bidaats like marriages with Holy
Quran, Taaveez, bowing down in front of graves
and rulers, etc.
vii. Disillusionment of the Muslims of South Asia
viii. Religionization of politics
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Discussion
In the West, there is a separation between
the religion and the State. However, the
contemporary history of South Asia reveals
that the State has always used religion to
advance its interests. Which line of action is
more preferred- the former or the latter.
Also exemplify your response.

Former
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Latter

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Please contact for


Queries
Asmatullah Junejo (PSP)
0300-7064608
asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com

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