AN EFFICIENT

MONITERING OF
SUBSTATION USING RF
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
TEMPERATURE

SUBSTATION
1)Power from Generating Units
Delivered to Costumers
through substation
2) The Main purpose of
substations is to vary voltage
levels to meet costumer
requirements.
3)Sub stations plays an
important role in maintaining

YPRCET
20-02-2013

SUBSTATION
The level of current and voltage may vary
drastically due to increase in temperature at
the distribution transformer.
The ultimate objective is to monitor the
electrical parameters continuously and
hence to Guard the burning of Distribution
Transformer.

YPRCET
20-02-2013

SUBSTATION
1)VOLTAGE PROTECTION
2)CURRENT PROTECTION
3)TEMPERATURE
PROTECTION
YPRCET
20-02-2013

main sections
1)substation unit called
Transmitter unit
2)Main station called controlling
unit

Substation unit
MICRO
CONTROLLER
POWER
SUPPLY

RF
TRANSMITTER

TEMPERATURE
SENSOR

CURRENT
SENSOR

ENCODER

A
D
C

RELAY

TRANSFORME
R

VOLTAGE
SENSOR
LOADS

YPRCET

Control unit
POWER
SUPPLY

MICRO
CONTROLLER

RF
RECEIVER

LCD

DECODER

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
MICROCONTROLLERS
POWER SUPPLY
RF TRANSMITTER
RF RECEIVER
ENCODER
DECODER
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE SENSOR
RELAY
ADC

Hardware elements
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Diodes
Led's
Voltage regulators
Transistors
Oscillator
Switches
Voltage variac
Thermistor

DESIGN
230 volts AC is stepped down to 5v to suit

microcontroller and 12v to operate Relay using

step down transformer and voltage regulator
To make the system as automatic we use
microcontroller to handle the operations
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU
tightly coupled with memory, various I/O
interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer
or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition
interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to
Analog converter, integrated on to a single
silicon chip

MICRO CONTROLLER
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
(RXD)P3.0
(TXD)P3.1
(INT0)P3.2
(INT1)P3.3
(T0)P3.4
(T1)P3.5
(WR)P3.6
(RD)P3.7
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
2
9
0

8051
(8031
)

4
3
0
3
9
3
8
3
7
3
6
3
5
3
4
3
31
2
3
2
0
2
9
2
8
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
1

Vcc
P0.0(AD
P0.1(AD1)
0)
P0.2(AD
P0.3(AD3
2)
)P0.4(AD4
)P0.5(AD5)
P0.6(AD6)
P0.7(AD7
)EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7(A15)
P2.6(A1
P2.5(A1
4)
P2.4(A1
3)
P2.3(A1
2)
P2.2(A10
1)
)P2.1(A9)
P2.0(A8)

MICRO CONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE

8051 FEATURES
Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0(8031) to 4K

(89C51)
Internal RAM of 128 bytes:
Four register banks, each containing eight registers
Sixteen bytes, which maybe addressed at the bit level
Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory
Thirty two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit
ports:p0-p3
Two 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1
Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF
Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and
IE
Two external and three internal interrupts sources.
Oscillator and clock circuits

8051 OVERVIEW

:
A smaller computer
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Example Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU
I/O
Port

RAM ROM
Serial
Timer COM
Port

A single chip
Microcontroller

Pins of 8051 1/4

Vcc pin 40
Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
The voltage source is +5V.
GND pin 20 ground
XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins 19,18

XTAL Connection to 8051

Using a quartz crystal oscillator

We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin.
C2
XTAL2
30pF
C1
XTAL1
30pF
GND

Pins of 8051 2/4

RST pin 9 reset
It is an input pin and is active high normally low .
The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
It is a power-on reset.
Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller

will reset and all values in registers will be lost.

Reset values of some 8051 registers

Pins of 8051 3/4

/EA pin 31 external access
There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is

stored externally.
/PSEN ALE are used for external ROM.
For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
/ means active low.
/PSEN pin 29 program store enable
This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of
the ROM.

Pins of 8051 4/4

ALE pin 30 address latch enable
It is an output pin and is active high.
8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the

address and data by connecting to the G pin of the

74LS373 latch.
I/O port pins
The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
Each port uses 8 pins.
All I/O pins are bi-directional.

Hardware Structure of I/O Pin

Each pin of I/O ports
Internal CPU bus communicate with CPU
A D latch store the value of this pin
D latch is controlled by Write to latch

to latch 1 write data into the D latch

2 Tri-state buffer
TB1: controlled by Read pin
Read pin 1 really read the data present at the pin
TB2: controlled by Read latch
Read latch 1 read value from internal latch
A transistor M1 gate
Gate=0: open
Gate=1: close
Write

Other Pins
P1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.
P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.
P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not

connects to Vcc inside the 8051.

P0 is open drain.
Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X.

However, for a programmer, it is the same to

program P0, P1, P2 and P3.

All the ports upon RESET are configured as
output.

Registers
A
B
R0

DPTR

DPH

DPL

R1
R2

PC

PC

R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Some 8-bitt Registers of
the 8051

Some 8051 16-bit Register

Memory mapping in 8051

ROM memory map in 8051 family
4k
0000H

8k

32
k

0000H

0000H

0FFFH
DS5000-32
8751
AT89C51

1FFFH

from Atmel Corporation

8752
AT89C52

7FFFH

from Dallas Semiconductor

RAM memory space allocation in the

8051
7FH
Scratch pad RAM

30H
2FH
Bit-Addressable RAM
20H
1FH
18H
17H
10H
0FH
08H
07H
00H

Register Bank 3
Register Bank 2
Register Bank 1( Stack)
Register Bank 0

Timer

TMOD Register:

Gate : When set, timer only runs while INT(0,1) is

high.
C/T : Counter/Timer select bit.
M1 : Mode bit 1.
M0 : Mode bit 0.

MAX 232

To make the microcontroller to

communicate with computer we use
MAX232 which converts source code
to computer understandable code.

LIQUID CRISTAL DISPLAY(LCD)

Liquid crystal displays (LCD s) have materials which combine the properties of both

liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature
range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid,
but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.

The LCD s wont generate light and so light is

needed to read the display. By using

backlighting, reading is possible in the dark.
The LCDs have long life and a wide operating
temperature range
To send any command from table 2 to the
LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make
RS=1.Then place a high to low pulse on the E
pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the
electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would
be aligned in a specific direction.

 RF TRANSMITTER
RF transmitters are electronic devices that

create continuously varying electric current,

encode sine waves, and broadcast radio waves
RF transmitters use oscillators to create sine
waves, the simplest and smoothest form of
continuously varying waves, which contain
information such as audio and video
Selecting RF transmitters requires an
understanding of modulation methods such as
AM and FM

Amplitude modulation (AM) causesthe

base band signalto vary the amplitude or

height of the carrier wave to create the
desired information content.
Frequency modulation (FM) causes the
instantaneous frequency of a sine wave
carrier to depart from the center frequency
by an amount proportional to the
instantaneous value of the modulating
signal.

 RF ENCODER

The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote

control system applications.
They are capable of encoding information
which consists of N address bits and 12_N
data bits

 RF RECEIVER
RF receivers are electronic devices that separate radio signals from one
another and convert specific signals into audio, video, or data formats.
RF receivers use an antenna to receive transmitted radio signals and a
tuner to separate a specific signal from all of the other signals that the
antenna receives.

RF receivers vary in terms of performance specifications such as

sensitivity, digital sampling rate, measurement resolution, operating
frequency, and communication interfac

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS ARE USED TO

MEASURE HIGH CURRENTS

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

HIGHVOLTAGES ARE STEPPEDDOWN TO LOWVOLTAGE

FOR RELIABLE MEASUREMENT

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

SOURCE CODE
TO OPERATE THE SYSTEM THAT IS

CONTROLLED BY MICROCONTROLLER WE
WRITE A NECESSARY SOURCE CODE TO SUIT
THE DESIRED APPPLICATION.
THE CODE IS WRITTEN IN C USING KELI