ELLIPS

Why study ellipses?

Orbiting satellites (including the earth and the moon)
trace out elliptical paths

One property of ellipses is that a sound (or any radiation)

beginning in one focus of the ellipse will be reflected so it can be
heard clearly at the other focus.

Ellipse

Jill Britton, September 25, 2003

Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capital building is elliptic. It was in this room that John
Quincy Adams, while a member of the House of Representatives, discovered
this acoustical phenomenon. He situated his desk at a focal point of the elliptical
ceiling, easily eavesdropping on the private conversations of other House
members located near the other focal point.

Why are the foci of the ellipse important?

St. Paul's Cathedral in London. If a person
whispers near one focus, he can be heard at
the other focus, although he cannot be heard
at many places in between.

1994-2004 Kevin Matthews and Artifice, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Untuk menggambar ellips dimulai dengan menggambar 2 titik

fokus

Ellipses with Horizontal Major Axis

The ellipse is defined as the locus of a point (x,y) which

moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points
(called foci, or focuses ) is constant

Ellips
es
An ellipse is the locus of a variable
point on a plane so that the sum of
its distance from two fixed points is
a constant.
P(x,y)

P(x,y
)

Let PF1+PF2 = 2a where a > 0

( x c ) y ( x c ) y 2a
2

( x c ) y 2a ( x c ) y
2

( x c ) y 4a 4a ( x c ) y ( x c ) y
2

4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2

a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2

a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2 cx a 4

(a c ) x a y a a c
2

2 2

(a c ) x a y a (a c )
2

Let b a c
2

b x a y a b
2

x
y

1
2
2
a
b

2 2

standard
equation of an
ellipse

Ellipse with Vertical Major Axis

If the major axis is vertical, then the formula becomes:

We always choose our a and b such that a > b. The major axis
is always associated with a.

Ellipses with Centre Other Than the Origin

Like the other conics, we can move the ellipse so the its axes
are not on the x-axis and y-axis. We do this for convenience
when solving certain problems.
For the horizontal major axis case, if we move the intersection
of the major and minor axes to the point (h, k), we have:

HIPERBOLA
Cooling towers for a nuclear
power plant have a
hyperbolic

Throw 2 stones in a pond.

The resulting concentric
ripples meet in a hyperbola
shape.

How are conics used in the real world?

To build things such as a sculpture at Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory. You can see all
the standard conics

Hyperbola
Jill Britton, September 25, 2003

The huge chimney of a nuclear power plant has the shape of a hyperboloid, as
the architecture of the James S. McDonnell Planetarium of the St. Louis Science

Hyperbola
The plane can
intersect two nappes
of the cone resulting
in a hyperbola.

Hyperbola - Definition
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane
such that the difference in the distances from
two points (foci) is constant.
| d1 d2 | is a
constant
value.

Hyperbola - Definition
What is the constant value for the difference in
the distance from the two foci? Let the two foci
be (c, 0) and (-c, 0). The vertices are (a, 0) and
(-a, 0).
| d1 d2 | is the
constant.
If the length of d2 is
subtracted from the left
side of d1, what is the
length which remains?
| d1 d2 | = 2a

Hyperbola - Equation

Find the equation by setting the difference in the

distance from the two foci equal to 2a.

| d 1 d2 | =
2a

d1 ( x c) y
2

d 2 ( x c) 2 y 2

Let |PF1-PF2| = 2a where a > 0

| ( x c) y ( x c) y | 2a
2

( x c ) y 2 a ( x c ) y
2

( x c ) y 4a 4a ( x c ) y ( x c ) y
2

4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2

a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2

a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2 cx a 4

(c a ) x a y a c a
2

2 2

(c a ) x a y a (c a )
2

Let b c a
2

b x a y a b
2

x
y

1
2
2
a
b

2 2

standard
equation of a
hyperbola

Parabola yang membuka ke timur-barat (east-west

opening hyperbola)

Asymtot
Persamaan umum parabola
yang membuka ke timurbarat
F(-c,0)

F(c,0)

c2 = a2 + b2

Persamaan asymtotis x 2
2

a
y2
b2
y

y2

b2
x2

a2

b 2

1
1

x2

1
2
a

2
b
y 2 2 (x2 a 2 )
a
b
y
x2 a2
a

Untuk x besar nilai

x2 a2 x

Sehingga diperoleh persamaan

asymtot

b
x
a

Parabola yang membuka ke utara selatan

north-south opening hyperbola

Persamaan umum parabola

yang membuka ke utara
selatan

Persamaan
asymtotnya

a
x
b

Our hyperbola may not be centred on (0, 0). In this case,

we use the following formulas:
For a "north-south" opening hyperbola with centre (h, k),
we have:

For an "east-west" opening hyperbola with centre (h, k),

we have:

1. Find the coordinates of the vertices and foci of 25x2 + y2 =

25. Sketch the curve
Answer

So b = 1 and a = 5. In this example, the major axis is vertical.

So the vertices are at (0, -5) and (0, 5). To find c, we proceed as before:

So the foci are at (0, -4.9) and (0, 4.9).

Sketch the hyperbola

Answer
First, we recognise that it is an north-south opening hyperbola, with
a = 5 and b = 2 . It will look similar to Example 1 above, which was
also a north-south opening hyperbola.
We need to find:
The y-intercepts (there are no x-intercepts for this example)
Aymptotes: We have an east-west opening hyperbola, so the slopes
of the asymptotes will be givenaby

In this example, a = 5 and b = 2. So the slopes of the asymptotes

will be simply:
-5/2 and 5/2.
The equations for the asymptotes, since they pass through (0, 0),
are given by:
y = -5x/2 and y = 5x/2

Sketch the hyperbola

Answer
We note that this is an "east-west opening" hyperbola, with a
= 6 and b = 8.
The center of this hyperbola will be at (2, -3), since h = 2 and k
= -3 in this example.
The best approach is to ignore the shifting (for now) and figure
out the other parameters for the hyperbola.
The vertices of the parabola are found when y = 0. This gives
us x = -6 or x = 6.
The asymptotes will have slope -8/6 = -4/3 OR 8/6 = 4/3.
Now we can sketch the asymptotes and the vertices,
remembering to shift everything so that the center is (2, -3):

The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit,

where the sun is at one of the foci. (This was discovered
by Keppler in 1610).
The major axis is approximately 149,600,000 km long
and it is known that the ratio c/a is equal to 1/60. [The
ratio c/a is called the eccentricity of the ellipse.]
(i) What are the greatest and least distances the Earth
is from the sun?
(ii) How far from the sun is the other focus?

(i) The closest we are to the sun is when we are at the vertex closest
to the sun, and the furthest we are is when we are at the other
vertex.
Since 2a = 149,600,000, then a = 74,800,000.
So the vertices are at (-74,800,000, 0) and (74,800,000, 0).
We need to find c, to tell us where the foci are.

So the foci are at (-1,246,667, 0) and (1,246,667, 0).

So the closest we are to the sun is
-1,246,667 (-74,800,000) = 73,553,333 km
The furthest we are from the sun is:
74,800,000 + 1,246,667 = 76,046,667 km.
ii) The foci are 2 1,246,667 = 2,493,334 km apart. The radius of
the sun is 1,400,000 km. Our orbit is almost circular.