Wireless Communication

Fundamentals

Wireless
The Way of accessing a network or
other communication waves through
Air
Characteristics of Communication
Device:
1.Fixed and Wired:
eg: Desktop computers in Office

 Mobile and Wired:

Eg: Laptop

Fixed and Wireless:

In historical buildings to
avoid damage by installing wires or at
trade show to ensure fast network.

 Mobile and Wireless:

GSM(Global System for Mobile
Communications)
ie.No Cable restricts the user, user can
roam between different wireless
network

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open,

digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and
data services.

 GSM supports voice calls and data

transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbps,
together with the transmission of
SMS (Short Message Service).

Kinds of Mobility
User Mobility: where user moves to
access to the same or similar
telecommunication services at
different places.
eg: Call forwarding solutions
Device
Portability:
where
communication device moves.
Eg: Mobile Phone System

 Mobile and wireless systems really

accomplish two very different things.
While a wireless system provides a fixed
or portable endpoint with access to a
distributed network, a mobile system
offers all of the resources of that
distributed network to something that
can go anywhere, barring any issues with
local
reception
or
technical
area
coverage.

Applications I
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via
DAB
personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent
accidents, guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be
transmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current
status, first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...

Applications
Vehicles:
mobility aware application play a role in cars
Allows to receive music, news weather reports via
(DAB) Digital Audio Broadcasting .
UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) phone might be available to offer voice
and data connectivity.
GPS(Global Positioning System) for receving
position of car.

Typical application: road

traffic
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
ad

c
o
h

Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...

Mobile and wireless services

Always Best Connected
LAN
DSL/ WLAN
3 Mbit/s

GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s

UMTS, GSM
115 kbit/s

100 Mbit/s,
WLAN
54 Mbit/s

UMTS
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,

DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
GSM 115 kbit/s,
WLAN 11 Mbit/s

UMTS, GSM
384 kbit/s

Applications II
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
History
Info
ad-hoc networks for
multi user games

Location dependent
services
Location aware services
what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist
in the local environment

Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual
workspace to the current location

Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?

Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc.
follow the mobile device through the fixed network

Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location

Mobile devices
Pager
receive only
tiny displays
simple text
messages

PDA
graphical displays
character recognition
simplified WWW

Laptop/Notebook
fully functional
standard application

Sensors,
embedded
controllers
Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays
www.scatterweb.net

performance

Palmtop
tiny keyboard
simple versions
of standard applications

Simple reference model

used here

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Radio

Medium

Reference model comprises

of
End systems:
PDA or computer needs a full
protocol stack comprising the
Application layer,t ransport
,datalink and physical layer.
Applications on end systems
communicate with each other
using layer services.

Intermediate system
Need only network, data link
and physical layer

Influence of mobile communication to the layer

model

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

service location
new applications, multimedia
adaptive applications
congestion and flow control
quality of service
addressing, routing,
device location
hand-over
authentication
media access
multiplexing
media access control
encryption
modulation
interference
frequency

Wireless Transmission
Wireless
transmission
means
Transmitting Signals between two
devices without incorporating any
wire between them

Spectrum Allocation

twisted
pair

coax cable

1 Mm
300 Hz

10 km
30 kHz

VLF

LF

optical transmission

100 m
3 MHz

MF

HF

1m
300 MHz

VHF

10 mm
30 GHz

UHF

SHF

EHF

100 m
3 THz

infrared

1 m
300 THz

visible light UV

VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency

LF = Low Frequency
SHF = Super High Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency
HF = High Frequency
UV = Ultraviolet Light
VHF = Very High Frequency

Relationship between frequency f and wave length

= c/f

where c is the speed of light

Spring 2003

3x10 m/s
8

ICS 243E - Ch.2 Wireless

Transmission

2.20