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C programming basics

C-Programming:

C is general-purpose structured programming

language or high level language.

It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1970s at Bell

laboratories.

C supports a large no. of operators and a large no.

of library function.

C is most popular language used for system

programming ,such as development of compilers,

interpreters , assemblers , operating system like

UNIX.

C program structure
A typical C program has 3 sections:
#include< stdio.h > //Header file section
#include< stdio.h >
void main( )
{
int a,b; //Type declaration section
//Instruction section
}

A simple Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(Hello World);
}

Library function:

A library function is a self-contained program

that carries out some specific as well as
defined tasks.

The function prototype or the reference is

defined in the header files section so we have
to include them in the beginning of program.

Example: #include, #define

Control statements:

The statements used

control

to change the

flow in a program are called the

control statements or control structures in C.

Control statements:
Logical if structure
If-else structure
Nested if-else
Unconditional goto statement
Switch structures

If Statement:

The logical if structure checks a given logical

condition and transfers the control accordingly.

Syntax:
If(condition)
{
Statement;
}
Example:
if(x==3)
{
Y=2*x;
}

Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=1;
If(a==1)
{
printf(true logic);
}
If(a==0)
{
printf(false logic);
}
return 0;
}

If else Statement:

The if-else structure is more useful than

logical if structure.
Syntax:
if(expression)
{ S1; }
else
{ S2; }
Example:
if(i==0)
{ s=s+1;}
else
{ s=s-1; }

Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int a=1;
If(a==1) {
printf(true logic); }
else
{
printf(false logic); }
return 0;
}

Loops:

C provides three loop structures to perform

looping operations or iterations, in which a
set

of

statements

can

be

repeatedly

executed as long as condition is satisfied.

Loops are:
while
Do while
For

do-while loop:

It is similar to the while-loop structure

except that the condition is checked at
the end of the loop.
Syntax:
do
{S1;
} while(condition);
Example:
do
{ i=i+1;
} while(i <2);

Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{int i=0;
do{
printf(value of i=%d,i);
i++;
}while(i<10);
return 0;
}

while loop:
In while-loop structure condition
checked at the starting of the loop.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{ s1;
}
Example:
while(i>0)
{ j=j+1;
}

is

Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{int i=0;
while (i<10){
printf(value of i=%d,i);
i++;
} return 0;
}

For loop

The expr1 is the statement assigning an initial

value to a variable,expr2 is a logical expression
and expr3 is a statement that is used to alter the
value was assigned in the initial expression.
Syntax:
For(expr1;expr2;expr3)
{ statements;
}
Example:
For(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ j=j+1;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf(value of i=%d,i);
} return 0;
}

Binary Numbers
0;
1;
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion

HexaDecimal Numbers
0-9,
A,
B,
C,
D,
E,
F
Conversion
Decimal to Hexa decimal and vice versa
Binary to Hexa Decimal and vice versa

Octal Numbers
0-7
Conversion

Bitwise Operators
~ Ones Complement (unary operator)
>> Right Shift
<< Left Shift
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR)
Bitwise Compound Assignment
Operators(eg. <<=, >>=,|=,&=, and ^=)

Example for Ones Complement

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ unsigned char ch=32;
unsigned char dh;
dh=~ch;
printf(~ch=%d\n,dh);
printf(~ch=%x\n,dh);
printf(~ch=%X\n,dh);
return 0;
}

Right Shift Operator

Ch=11010111;
Ch>>1 gives output 01101011;
Ch>>2 gives output 00110101;

Example
#include <stdio.h>
void showbits(unsigned char);
int main()
{ unsigned char num=225,i,k;
printf(\n Decimal %d is same as hexa
%x,num,num);
for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
{k=num>>i;
printf(\n %d right shift %d gives %x,num,I,k);
//showbits(k);}
return 0;}

Left Shift Operator

Same as right shift operator
<<

Bitwise OR operator (|)

Bitwise AND operator (&)
Bitwise XOR operator(^)

Showbits function
void showbits(unsigned char n)
{ unsigned char i,k,andmask;
for(i=7;i>=0;i--)
{ andmask=1<<i;
k=n & andmask;
If(k==0)
printf(0);
else printf(1);
}
}

PORTS programming BASICS

Robot & Microcontrollers:

ROBOT:

Robot is a machine that gathers information

about its environment(senses) and uses that
information to follow instructions to do work.

MICROCONTROLLERS:

Microcontrollers is a single chip computer

containing a processor core , memory and
programmable input/output peripherals.

Atmega 16L pin diagram:

Ports programming:

DDRX: defines whether the port will act as

i/p port or o/p port.
1 use for output
0 use for input
Example:
DDRA =
DDRA =
DDRA =
DDRA =

0b11111111;
0xFF;
1;
010;

(binary)
(hexa decimal)
(decimal)
(octal)

DDRX.Y:
Define individual pin (pin Y of port X) acts
as the i/p pin or the o/p pin

Example:
DDRA.3=1;
pin 3 of port A is o/p port.

PORTX:
Use to assign value to PORTX.

Example:
PORTA=27
decimal value 27 is assigned to the portA.

PORTX.Y:
Use to assign value to individual pins(y) of
any port (X).

Example:
PORTA.0=1
assign value 1 to the pin0 of the port A.

PINX:
Read 8-bit integer value from the port X.
Example:
X=PINA;
Read the 8-bit integer value from the portA.
0<X<255

PINX.Y :
Read 1-bit value (individual pin value) from PORTX.
Example:
X= PINA.2; ( value may be 0 or 1)

PORTA is different from port A:

Port A

uC

P
O
R
T
A

D
D
R
A

P
I
N
A

External
world

PROGRAMS:
A program to o/p 33 (hex) on Port D.

#include <mega16.h>
void main( )
{
DDRD=0xFF;
PORTD=0x33;
}

PROGRAMS:
A program read pins 2 and 7 of Port A.
#include <mega16.h>
void main( )
{
unsigned int x,y;
DDRA=0b01111011;
x=PINA.2;
y=PINA.7;
}

LED:

GND

+ VE

Longer leg is +ve Terminal

Glowing LED:
0
1

P
o
r
t
A

For glowing LED

PORTA.0=0 (GND)
PORTA.1=1 (+V)
Or
PORTA=0b00000010;
Or
PORTA=0x02;

Blinking of led:
void main()
{
DDRB=0XFF;
while(1)
{
PORTB=0XFF;
delay_ms(100);
PORTB=0X00;
delay_ms(100);
}
}

THANK YOU