Water flows through a shower head steadily

at a rate of 10 L/min. An electric resistance

heater placed in the water pipe heats the
water from 16C to 43C. Taking the density
of water to be 1 kg/L, determine the electric
power input to the heater, in kW. In an effort
to conserve energy, it is proposed to pass the
drained warm water at a temperature of 39C
through a heat exchanger to preheat the
incoming cold water. If the heat exchanger
has an effectiveness of 0.50 (that is, it
recovers only half of the energy that can
possibly be transferred from the drained
water to incoming cold water), determine the
electric power input required in this case. If
the price of the electric energy is 8.5 Rs/kWh,
determine how much money is saved during a
10-minute shower as a result of installing this
heat exchanger.

Properties The density and

specific heat of water at room
temperature are = 1 kg/L and
C = 4.18 kJ/kgC

Answers: 18.8 kW, 10.8 kW, 11.3 Rs

It is well known that wind makes the cold air feel much colder as a result of
the wind-chill effect that is due to the increase in the convection heat transfer
coefficient with increasing air velocity. The wind-chill effect is usually
expressed in terms of the wind-chill factor, which is the difference between
the actual air temperature and the equivalent calm-air temperature. For
example, a wind-chill factor of 20C for an actual air temperature of 5C
means that the windy air at 5C feels as cold as the still air at 15C. In other
words, a person will lose as much heat to air at 5C with a wind-chill factor
of 20C as he or she would in calm air at 15C. For heat transfer purposes, a
standing man can be modeled as a 30-cm-diameter, 170-cm-long vertical
cylinder with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated and with the side
surface at an average temperature of 34C. For a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 15 W/m2 C, determine the rate of heat loss from this man by
convection in still air at 20C. What would your answer be if the convection
heat transfer coefficient is increased to 50 W/m2 C as a result of winds?
What is the wind-chill factor in this case?

Answers: 336 W, 1120 W, 32.7C

A 0.2-L glass of water at 20C is to be cooled with ice to 5C. Determine how much
ice needs to be added to the water, in grams, if the ice is at 0C. Also, determine how
much water would be needed if the cooling is to be done with cold water at 0C. The
melting temperature and the heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure are 0C
and 333.7 kJ/kg, respectively, and the density of water is 1 kg/L.
Plot the amount of ice that needs to be added to the water as a function of the ice
temperature in the range of 24C to 0C.

Answers: 35.4 gms, 600 gms

A spherical metal ball of radius r0 is heated in an oven to a temperature of Ti

throughout and is then taken out of the oven and dropped into a large body of water at
T where it is cooled by convection with an average convection heat transfer
coefficient of h. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and transient onedimensional heat transfer, express the mathematical formulation (the differential
equation and the boundary and initial conditions) of this heat conduction problem. Do
not solve.

Water flows through a pipe at an average temperature of T = 50C. The inner and
outer radii of the pipe are r1 = 6 cm and r2 = 6.5 cm, respectively. The outer surface of
the pipe is wrapped with a thin electric heater that consumes 300 W per m length of
the pipe. The exposed surface of the heater is heavily insulated so that the entire heat
generated in the heater is transferred to the pipe. Heat is transferred from the inner
surface of the pipe to the water by convection with a heat transfer coefficient of h =
55 W/m2C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and one-dimensional heat
transfer, express the mathematical formulation (the differential equation and the
boundary conditions) of the heat conduction in the pipe during steady operation. Do
not solve.

In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius r1 40 cm, outer

radius r2 41 cm, and thermal conductivity k 1.5 W/m C is used to store hot water
and to keep it at 100C at all times. To accomplish this, the outer surface of the
container is wrapped with a 500-W electric strip heater and then insulated. The
temperature of the inner surface of the container is observed to be nearly 100C at all
times. Assuming 10 percent of the heat generated in the heater is lost through the
insulation, (a) express the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady
one-dimensional heat conduction through the container, (b) obtain a relation for the
variation of temperature in the container material by solving the differential equation,
and (c) evaluate the outer surface temperature of the container. Also determine how
much water at 100C this tank can supply steadily if the cold water enters at 20C.

d 2 dT
r
0
dr
dr

BC 1, 2 T r1 T1 100 C ,
o

dT r2
k
qs
dr

1 1 qsr22
1

T r 100 23.87 2.5

T r T1
r
k

r1 r
T r2 101.5o C Rate of water heated from 20 to
100C

Q mC p T m

Q
4.84kg / h
C p T

Consider a long solid cylinder of radius r0 = 4 cm and thermal conductivity

k = 25 W/m C. Heat is generated in the cylinder uniformly at a rate of g0
= 35 W/cm3. The side surface of the cylinder is maintained at a constant
temperature of Ts = 80C. The variation of temperature in the cylinder is
given by
Based on this relation, determine
(a) heat conduction is steady or
transient,
(b) if it is 1, 2 or 3 D
(c) the value of heat flux on the side
surface of the cylinder at r = r0

dT ro
qs k

dr
qro2 2r
k
2
k ro r ro
2qro

qs 280 W / cm 2

Does heat generation in a solid violate the first law of thermodynamics,

which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed? Explain.
An iron is left unattended and its base temperature rises as a result of
resistance heating inside. When will the rate of heat generation inside
the iron be equal to the rate of heat loss from the iron?
Consider the uniform heating of a plate in an environment at a constant
temperature. Is it possible for part of the heat generated in the left half
of the plate to leave the plate through the right surface? Explain
Consider uniform heat generation in a cylinder and a sphere of equal
radius made of the same material in the same environment. Which
geometry will have a higher temperature at its center? Why?