URBANISATION

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URBANISATION
Sub- processes of Development :
Urbanisation process of change from rural to urban
way of life (based on specialisation)
Industrialisation
Tertiarisation
-Without Industrialisation pseudo urbanisation
-Gentrification in Developed countries
Modernisation
Including primary sector.
Westernisation
After Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation
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URBANISATION
URBANISATION encompasses

A. Social Change
Qualitative change at individual level qualification, attitude,
efficiency, priorities, way of life
Change in social institutions marriage, customs, rituals

B. Economic Change
Production
Employment

Primary

Secondar
y
Tertiary

C. Physical / Environmental change

Landuse, infra-structure, slums, settlement pattern

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Evolution of / Conditions for Urbanisation

Social Surplus
1. Soil Fertility
2. Technology Input

Specialisation

Emergence of Administrative Group

1. Control -- Government Set-up
2. Security Defence, Army

Specialisation

Traders & Merchants Group

1. Collection
2. Distribution
3. Innovation Diffusion

Specialisation

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Urbanisation Process and Spatial patterns

1. Decision Making & Control

Spatial Organisation of power

(Decentralisation)

2.Capital Flows

Economic Activity location

(Industrialisation)

3.Innovation Diffusion

Modernisation Surfaces

(Modernisation)

4.Migration

Settlement Pattern
National Capital
State Capital
District HQ

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Control,
Administration,
Governance

Capital,
Excess
produce

CORE
Labour,
Migration

Socio-cultural,
tecnological
ideas

Friedmans Model
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Xtics of urbanisation in Developed & Developing countries

Simultaneous with industrialisation / Tertiarisation
Gradual / Fast
Share of primary, secondary & tertiary sectors
100%

80

Tertiary Sector

60
40

Secondary Sector

20

Primary Sector
100%

1800

1850

1900

1950

80

2000

Primary Sector

60
40

Tertiary Sector

20

Secondary Sector
1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

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Sound Social surplus

Polarisation in Developing countries
Urban Areas exploiting Rural Areas
Rural Areas left with old, incompetent and children
No rural urban Continuum
Urban Areas suffering- slums, crowding

Prospects
Urbanisation as a tool for Reg. Development
Rural -Urban-Continuum -proper hierarchy
Growth-poles - Balanced Settlement pattern
Preventive, Curative Measurement for Rural & Urban Development
(slum formation)
Simultaneous
Job
People
National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) GEMs & SPURs
(Special Priority Urban Region)

People Village

Town

City

Metropolis

Jobs

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Jobs

City

Town

FORWARD AND BACKWARD

LINKAGE

Metropolis

Input to Primary
Sector
Tractors, Tools,
Techniques, HYV Seeds
etc.

Urban
Area
2ndary
&Tertiary
Sectors

Output to
Secondary & Tertiary
Sectors Storage,
Processing,
Marketing etc.

Rural
Area
Primary
Sector

RURL URBAN
COMPLEMENTARITY

Village

People

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Town

Bi-functional

People Village

Town

City

City

Metropolis

Jobs

Multi-functional
Tri-functional
Mono-functional

City

Town

FORWARD AND BACKWARD LINKAGE & VARIED FUNCTIONALTIES

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URBANISATION / GLOBALISATION

Homogeneous Region

Nodal region

Devlpd Area

Developed Country

Devlpng Area

Developing Country

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Indian Urbanisation
Historical perspective-Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation (Nodes & Networks.. Civil lines etc..
CLASSIFICATION OF STATES AND UTS ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF URBANISATION
2001

Above national
average i.e.
27.75%

25%-28%

Less than 25%

National
Average

Goa, Gujarat,
Haryana,
Karnataka,
Maharashtra,
Mizoram,
Punjab, Tamil
Nadu, A&N
Islands,
Chandigarh,
Daman & Diu,
Delhi,
Lakshwadeep
and
Pondicherry. (14
states)

Andhra Pradesh,
Kerela, M.P.,
West Bengal,
Uttaranchal. (5
states)

Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Bihar, H.P., J&K,
Manipur, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Orissa,
Rajasthan, Sikkim,
Tripura, U.P., Dadra
Nagar Haveli, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh. (16 states)

27.75%

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REGIONAL PATTERN OF URBANISATION IN INDIA

Sl.
No.

State/ Union
Territory

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh

17.44

19.31

23.32

26.84

27.07

Arunachal
Pradesh

0.00

3.70

6.59

12.21

20.41

Assam

7.17

8.89

9.88

11.08

12.72

Bihar

8.43

10.00

12.47

13.17

10.47

Goa

14.80

25.56

32.03

41.02

49.76

Gujarat

25.77

28.08

31.10

34.40

37.35

Haryana

17.23

17.66

21.88

24.79

29.00

Himachal Pradesh

6.34

6.99

7.61

8.70

9.79

Jammu & Kashmir

16.66

18.59

21.05

23.83

24.88

10

Karnataka

22.33

24.31

28.89

30.91

33.98

11

Kerela

15.11

16.24

18.74

26.44

25.96

12

Madhya Pradesh*

14.29

16.29

20.29

23.21

26.66

13

Maharashtra

28.22

31.17

35.03

38.73

42.40

14

Manipur

8.68

13.19

26.42

27.69

23.88

15

Meghalaya

15.27

14.55

18.04

18.69

19.62

16

Mizoram

5.36

11.36

24.67

46.20

49.50

17

Nagaland

5.19

9.95

15.52

17.28

17.74

18

Orissa

6.32

8.41

11.79

13.43

14.97

19

Punjab

23.06

23.73

27.68

29.72

33.94

20

Rajasthan

16.28

17.63

21.05

22.88

23.38

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21

Sikkim

4.22

9.37

16.15

9.12

11.10

22

Tamil Nadu

26.69

30.26

32.95

34.20

43.86

23

Tripura

9.02

10.43

10.99

15.26

17.07

24

Uttar Pradesh*

12.85

14.02

17.95

19.89

20.78

25

West Bengal

24.45

24.75

26.47

27.39

28.03

26

Andaman &
Nicobar Islands

22.15

22.77

26.30

26.80

32.67

27

Chandigarh

82.80

90.55

93.63

89.69

89.77

28

Dadra & Nagar

Haveli

0.00

0.00

6.63

8.47

22.88

29

Daman & Diu

36.36

37.56

36.74

46.86

36.26

30

Delhi

88.75

89.70

92.73

89.93

93.01

31

Lakshadweep

0.00

0.00

46.28

56.29

44.47

32

Pondicherry

24.11

42.04

52.48

64.05

66.56

Sl.
No.

State/ Union
Territory

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

33

Jharkhand*

22.25

34

Chhatisgarh*

20.07

35

Uttaranchal*

25.59

INDIA

18.24

20.00

23.30

25.72

27.25

* The levels of urbanisation are for reconstituted states in 2001.

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URBANIZATION PATTERN IN INDIA

J&K

PUNJAB

HIMACHAL
PRADESH

HARYANA
DELHI\
RAJASTHAN
UTTAR
PRADESH
GUJARAT

MADHYA
PRADESH

BIHAR

WEST
JHARKAND BENGAL

MIZORAM

CHATTISGARH
DAMAN
&DIU

MAHARASHTRA

ORISSA

PONDICHERRY
GOA

ANDHRA PRADESH
KARNATAKA

LAKSHADWEEP
KERALA

A &N
ISLANDS

TAMIL NADU

>
4Million
> National Average

< National Average

= National Average

2-4
Million
MILLION + CITIES

<2
Million

The

END

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