ANTI-ICE/DE-ICE

KING AIR C90 SERIES

FOCUS
This module improves our ability to
manage risks associate with icing
conditions by:
Understanding where they exist
Being confident in system operation
Ensuring equipment is functional and
effective

LINE-UP
Accidents
Preflight Preparation
System Components
Thermal
Mechanical
Chemical

System Operation
Operational Checks

ACCIDENT REVIEW
Air Florida Flight 90
Where: Washington, D.C.
When: January 13th, 1982
What:
Aircraft was unable to maintain positive rate of climb
Struck the 14th street bridge
78 fatalities/9 injuries

Why:
Pilots failed to activate engine anti-ice systems that
resulted in sensors becoming obstructed with ice
resulting in erroneous engine thrust indications.

ACCIDENT REVIEW
American Eagle Flight 4184
Where: Roselawn, IN
When: October 31st, 1994
What:
Pilots lost aircraft control
Aircraft impacted ground at such vertical velocity that
wreckage and remains were unidentifiable
68 fatalities

Why:
Aircraft encountered freezing rain while holding to enter
Chicago airspace
De-ice systems were unable to protect critical surfaces from
freezing rain and super cooled liquid drops (SLDs)

ACCIDENT REVIEW
Colgan Air Flight 3407
Where: Buffalo, NY
When: February 12th, 2009
What:
Aircraft stalled while on final approach
50 fatalities/4 injuries

Why:
Crew executed improper technique for
recovery from a stalled condition

ACCIDENT REVIEW
Air France Flight 447
Where: Atlantic Ocean
When: June 1st, 2009
What:
Aircraft entered a stall at high altitude
Remained stalled for 3 minutes, reaching a rate of 10,912 feet
per minute towards the ocean
228 fatalities

Why:
Flight crew received abnormal airspeed information from pitot
tubes obstructed with ice
Stall induced by flight crew

FAA INTERPRETATION
What is known icing?
The pilot knows or reasonably should
know about weather reports in which
icing conditions are reported or forecast.
**Consider this when operating with icing equipment MELd!**

PREFLIGHT PLANNING
FIKI, yes.but
No aircraft is certified for severe icing
Equipment should be used to fly THRU
icing conditions not remain in them

PREFLIGHT PLANNING
Two common structures:
Icing associated with vertical
development
Or
Icing associated with widespread cloud
layer

PREFLIGHT PLANNING
AIRMETs
Forecasts are for MOD icing conditions
Freezing levels (can be used with cloud
base/top)

PREFLIGHT PLANNING
CIP/FIP Charts
www.aviationweather.gov
Great SUPPLEMENT to AIRMET

PREFLIGHT PLANNING
PIREPs
Remember
Absence of reports does not indicate an
absence of icing conditions
Consider aircraft type, time, etc.

Anti-Ice/De-ice

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

PROTECTED SURFACES
Thermal
Pitot (2)
Stall Vane (1)
Fuel Vents (2)
Propellers
Engine Inlet Lip
Windshield
Oil-Fuel Heat Exchanger

PROTECTED SURFACES
Mechanical
Wings
Horizontal Stabilizer
Vertical Stabilizer
Engine

PROTECTED SURFACES
Chemical
Prist

SYSTEMS CONTROLLED FROM

FLIGHT DECK

L/R Pitot Heat

Stall Warning Heat
L/R Fuel Vent Heat
L/R Windshield Heat
Propeller De-Ice
Surface De-Ice
L/R Engine Anti-Ice

PITOT HEAT
L/R PITOT HEAT Switch(s) are located on
the Captains right-hand sub-panel (ICE
PROTECTION group)
Normally ON inflight
Two position switch:
ON
OFF

Left pitot heat switch is battery powered

in the event of a dual gen failure

STALL WARNING VANE HEAT

STALL WARN Switch located on
Captains right-hand sub-panel (ICE
PROTECTION group)
Normally ON inflight
Two position switch:
ON
OFF

Sheds automatically with dual gen failure

FUEL VENT HEAT

L/R FUEL VENT Switch(s) located on the
Captains right-hand sub-panel (ICE
PROTECTION group)
Normally ON inflight
Two position switch:
ON
OFF

Sheds automatically with dual gen failure

WINDSHIELD HEAT
L/R WSHLD ANTI-ICE Switch(s)
located on Captains right-hand subpanel (ICE PROTECTION group)
Recommended NORM inflight
Mild vision distortion (more
pronounced at night)
Sheds automatically with dual gen
failure

WINDSHIELD HEAT
Three position switch:
NORM
HI
OFF

WINDSHIELD HEAT
NORM/HI Modes
Selecting either mode provides electrical
power to the heat elements laminated
w/in the windshield
Power cycles automatically to help
maintain a pre-set temperature

WINDSHIELD HEAT
Surface size is the only thing that
changes between NORM and HI
modes
NORM
Entire windscreen is heated
Recommended for use during normal
operations
Increases windscreen strength
Prevents fogging during descent
Reduces risk of cracking if turned on after a cold
soak at cruise altitudes

WINDSHIELD HEAT
Surface size is the only thing that
changes between NORM and HI
modes
HI
Outer 2/3 of each windscreen is heated
Smaller surface = greater WATTs per square inch

Think
NORM = normal WATTs
HI = high WATTs

WINDSHIELD HEAT
Issues associated with
Heat module failure
Results in complete loss of heat

Element failure
Elements may glow at night
Failed areas may ice over while operating in
icing conditions

WINDSHIELD HEAT
Issues associated with
Windshield Shatter
**INSERT CAUTION FROM POH PG. 4-15**

PROP HEAT
PROP HEAT Switch located on the
Captains right-hand sub-panel (ICE
PROTECTION group)
ON while operating in icing
conditions
Two position switch:
ON
OFF

PROP HEAT
ON
Propeller de-ice module cycles power
between #1 and #2 engines
When switched ON
#1 receives power for 90 seconds
Then
#2 receives power for 90 seconds

PROP HEAT
INSERT ELECTRICAL SCHEMATIC FOR
PROP HEAT

PROP HEAT
Proper operation is verified on the
PROP AMPS gauge
Located on the overhead panel
Within green band = good
Any drop outside of the green band, down to
zero, indicates one or more propeller blade
heating pads are not receiving electrical
power

PROP HEAT
If PROP AMPS drop below green
band
CHECKLIST?
Turn OFF, exit icing conditions
Cycle propeller RPM
Blade flex with RPM change will crack and
shed ice

PROP HEAT
Limitations
Do not operate propeller heat
w/propellers static
Avoid rotating the propeller in opposite
direction of normal rotation
Use propeller bras when leaving aircraft on
ramp in windy conditions

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
SURFACE DE-ICE Switch located on the
Captains right-hand sub-panel (ICE
PROTECTION group)
Activate once inch of ice has formed
on leading edge of any surface
3 position switch:
SINGLE
OFF
MANUAL

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
SINGLE Mode
Switch is spring loaded to OFF position
When selected it activates a SINGLE
boot cycle:
Wings 6 seconds
Then
Tail 4 seconds

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
MANUAL Mode
Spring loaded to OFF position
When selected it activates ALL booted
surfaces while the switch is held in the
MANUAL position

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
Boot Operation
Engine bleed air is regulated and used
to inflate/deflate the de-ice boots
DEFLATE
PRESSURE air (regulated bleed air) is routed
through an ejector pump which creates a
vacuum to hold the boots against the
airframe

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
INFLATE
A valve re-routes PRESSURE air to
INFLATE the de-ice boots

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
Pneumatic/Suction Pressure Gauges
Located on the Co-pilots right-hand subpanel
Allows the pilot to ensure proper
pressure is maintained during
INFLATE/DEFLATE modes of operation
Cycle (from DEFLATE-to-INFLATE) is
indicated by a flick of each needle

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
Limitations
Do NOT use when OAT is -40C and
colder
De-ice boots are made of layered rubber
this becomes fragile at cold temperatures

One of the only aircraft

approved/required to allow ice build-up
prior to boot activation
Ensures proper separation of ice

Residual Ice

PNEUMATIC BOOTS
Routine MX
Keep boots clean this improves
effectiveness of the boots
BF Goodrich ICEX II

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
L/R ENGINE ANTI-ICE Switch(s) located
on the Captains left-hand sub-panel
Grouped with L/R ACTUATOR Switch(s)

Recommend ON during ground operations

Prevents ingestion of FOD
Reduces engine performance

ON when operating in icing conditions

OAT less than 5C and visible moisture

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
Actuator(s)
One electric motor which contains two
separate electrical elements/coils
One motor (each side) moves two
panels (vanes) inside the engine air
intake duct

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
OFF-to-ON
FWD panel extends, forcing airflow to
make a 90 turn
AFT panel retracts, opening an exhaust
duct which allows dense objects
(ice/water) to exhaust overboard due to
its inertia

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
OFF-to-ON
Pilot will notice a slight drop in TQ and a
slight rise in ITT
Less air (into engine) = less power = less TQ
Less air (into engine) = less cooling = higher
ITT

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
ON-to-OFF
FWD panel retracts, allowing airflow to
make a shallow turn into the engine
AFT panel extends, closing exhaust duct
and forcing all of the airflow into the
engine

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
ON-to-OFF
Pilot will notice a rise in TQ, approx. 100200 LBS-TQ, and decrease in ITT
More air = more power = more TQ
More air = more cooling = lower ITT

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
Annunciators
L/R ENG ANTI-ICE (green)
Indicates ice vanes have reached the ON position
Monitored by proximity switch(s)

L/R ENG ICE FAIL (amber)

Immediate illumination
Indicates loss of electrical power to actuator(s)

Delayed illumination
Indicates vanes failed to reach proper position failed
actuator(s)
**HOW CAN ENGINE INSTRUMENTS HELP WITH THIS PROBLEM?**

ENGINE INLET LIP HEAT

Exhaust air is routed through the
leading edge of the engine air intake
lip
No pilot action
Issues associated with
Broken duct or fitting
Soot found in unusual location on engine
nacelle (i.e. FWD of exhaust stacks)

OIL-TO-FUEL HEAT EXCHANGER

Manifold allows engine oil to warm
fuel
Fuel cools engine oil!

POH chart illustrates ambient

temperature and engine oil
temperature when PRIST is required

PRIST
Prevents water suspended in fuel
from freezing
Recommend use at ALL times

SYSTEM OPERATION
Monitor Atmospheric Conditions
Approaching icing conditions
What goes ON?
Check HOT 5
ENGINE ANTI-ICE
PROP HEAT

Verify proper operation

Avoidance strategy
Accumulation of ice WILL decrease performance
Operation of ENGINE ANTI-ICE will decrease performance
Residual ice may require ground de-icing

SYSTEM OPERATION
Monitor Atmospheric Conditions
IN icing conditions
What goes ON?
Monitor ice build-up, activate SURFACE DE-ICE
when appropriate
Indications of proper operation
Exit strategy
Avoid continuous operation in icing conditions
Lateral deviations
Vertical deviations

PREFLIGHT CHECKS
When are preflight checks required?
Every flight:
HOT 5

When required:

ENGINE ANTI-ICE
WNDSHLD ANTI-ICE
PROP DE-ICE
SURFACE DE-ICE

PREFLIGHT CHECKS
Every Flight
HOT 5
Check during preflight inspection
FUEL VENT (1)
STALL VANE (1)
PITOT HEAT (2)
Grab elbow to prevent injury
FUEL VENT (1)

INDUSTRY DISCUSSION

MODULE REVIEW