CH 8 Market Structure Ing-Indo

Chapter 8
p. 322
Market Structure: Perfect Competition,

Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition
Market Structure & Degree of Competition

Perfect Competition
Competition in the Global Economy
Monopoly
Monopolistic Competition
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 1
Bab 8
p. 322
Struktur Pasar: Persaingan Sempurna,

Monopoly dan Persaingan Monopoli
Struktur Pasar & Tingkat Persaingan

Persaingan Sempurna
Persaingan dalam Ekonomi Global
Monopoli
Persaingan Monopolistik
Slide 2
Market Structure
* Perfect Competition
* Monopolistic
Competition
* Oligopoly
* Monopoly
Less Competitive
More Competitive
(Competitive environment)
Number & size of sellers & buyers; Type of product;

Mobility of resources; Knowledge; D and S
Slide 3
Struktur Pasar
* Persaingan Sempurna
* Persaingan
Monopoli
* Oligopoli
* Monopoli
Kurang Bersaing
Lebih Bersaing
(Lingkungan Persaingan)
Jumlah & ukuran penjual & pembeli; Jenis produk;

Mobilitas sumberdaya; Pengetahuan; D dan S
Slide 4
Perfect Competition
Many buyers and sellers

Buyers and sellers are price takers
Product is homogeneous
Perfect mobility of resources
Economic agents have perfect knowledge
Example: Stock Market; wheat; corn;
trucking industries
Slide 5
Persaingan Sempurna
Banyak pembeli dan penjual

Pembeli dan penjual adalah pengikut harga
Produk sama
Mobilitas yg sempurna dari sumberdaya
Pelaku Ekonomi mempunyai pengetahuan
yang sempurna
Contoh: Pasar Modal; gandum; jagung;
perusahaan angkutan
Slide 6
Many sellers
p. 324
Differentiated product (similar not
identical)
Perfect mobility of resources
Example: Fast-food outlets; toothpaste;
cigarettes; detergents; cold medicines
Slide 7
Banyak penjual
p. 324
Produk berbeda (mirip tidak sama)
Mobilitas sempurna dari sumberdaya
Contoh: Makanan cepat saji; pasta gigi;
rokok; detergents; obat demam.
Slide 8
Monopoly
Single seller
No close substitutes for product
Significant barriers to resource mobility
Control of an essential input
Patents or copyrights > 17 years
p.342
Economies of scale: Natural monopoly
Government franchise: Post office; taxis, medical offices;
broadcasting
Other examples: public utilities: electrical, gas, water; local
transportations
Slide 9
Monopoli
Penjual tunggal
Tidak ada produk substitusinya yg dekat
Hambatan yg kuat thd mobilitas sumberdaya
Kontrol thd input penting
Patents atau copyrights > 17 years
p.342
Skala Ekonomi: Monopoly alamiah
Milik Pemerintah: Kantor pos; taxi, rumah sakit;
broadcasting/penyiaran
Contoh lain: sarana publik: listrik, gas, air; transportasi lokal
Slide 10
Oligopoly
p. 364
Few sellers: 2 sellers = duopoly

Product may be homogeneous (pure
oligopoly) or differentiated (differentiated
oligopoly) >> monopolistic competition
Barriers to resource mobility
Example: Automobile manufacturers;
primary aluminum, steels; electrical
equipment
The sources of oligopoly are the same as for monopoly:
economies of scale ; huge K investments; patent; brands; controlling on
raw material; franchise
Slide 11
Oligopoli
p. 364
Sedikit penjual: 2 penjual = duopoli

Produk mungkin sama (oligopoli murni)
atau berbeda (oligopoli berbeda) >>
monopolistic competition
Hambatan thd mobilitas sumberdaya

Contoh: Pembuat mobil; aluminum dasar,
baja; peralatan listrik
Sumberdaya oligopoly adalah juga sama utk monopoly:
Skala ekonomi; investasi K yang besar; patent; brands; pengontrolan
thd bahn baku; franchise /wara-laba
Slide 12
Perfect Competition:
Price Determination
p.327
Infinitely elastic D curve

P = MR
Slide 13
Persaingan Sempurna:
Penentuan Harga
p.327
Elastisitas kurva D tak

terhingga P = MR
Slide 14
Price Determination
QD 625 5P QD QS QS 175 5 P
625 5 P 175 5 P
450 10P
P $45
QD 625 5 P 625 5(45) 400

QS 175 5 P 175 5(45) 400
Slide 15
Penentuan Harga
QD 625 5P QD QS QS 175 5 P
625 5 P 175 5 P
450 10P
P $45
QD 625 5 P 625 5(45) 400

QS 175 5 P 175 5(45) 400
Slide 16
Short-Run Equilibrium
Firms Demand Curve = Market Price
P = MR
= Marginal Revenue
Firms Supply Curve = Marginal Cost

where Marginal Cost > Average Variable Cost
MC > MR loss
Slide 17
Keseimbangan Jangka Pendek
Kurva permintaan perusahaan = Harga Pasar
= Penerimaan Marginal
P = MR
Kurva penawaran perusahaan = Biaya Marginal
dimana Biaya Marginal > Biaya tdk tetap rata2
MC > MR rugi
Slide 18
Perfect Competition: Short-Run Equilibrium
Profits = $10 per unit

Total = $40 MC = MR
BFEC = Loss = $30
Slide 19
Persaingan Sempurna: Keseimbangan SR
Laba = $10 per unit

Total = $40 MC = MR
BFEC = Kerugian = $30
Slide 20
Long-Run Equilibrium
Quantity is set by the firm so that short-run:
Price = Marginal Cost = Average Total Cost
At the same quantity, long-run:
Price = Marginal Cost = Average Cost
Economic Profit = 0
Slide 21
Keseimbangan Jangka Panjang
Jumlah ditentukan oleh perusahaan sehingga
dalam SR:
Harga = Biaya Marginal = Biaya Total Rata2
Pada jumlah yg sama, long-run:
Price = Marginal Cost = Biaya Rata-rata
Laba Ekonomi = 0
Slide 22
Perfect Competition: Long-Run Equilibrium
Econ profit = all firms break even

More firms S >>>
Slide 23
Persaingan Sempurna : Keseimbangan LR
Laba ekonomi = seluruh perusahaan

pulang pokok
Lebih banyak perusahaan S >>>
Slide 24
No trade
Domestic Supply
t = tariff
World Supply
Domestic Demand
Slide 25
Persaingan di Ekonomi Global
Tidak ada trade
Supply domestik
t = tariff
Supply dunia
Permintaan domestik
Slide 26
Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff

So
Z
t
W
Domestic price (+ tariff)
2
0
Under free trade at world price OW production OA; consumption OB; Import AB.
t dollars tariff domestic price = OZ increases production to OA reduces consumption to OB creates MNUC tariff revenue a welfare loss = KMC + NLU
Slide 27
Dampak Keseimbangan Partial dari Tarif

So
Z
t
W
Harga domestik (+ tarif)
2
0
Dalam perdag bebas dg harga dunia OW produksi OA; konsumsi OB; Impor AB.
Tarif t dollar harga domestik = OZ produksi naik OA menurunkan konsumi OB
menciptakan MNUC penerimaan tarif kehilangan kesejahteraan = KMC + NLU
Slide 28

S1
QUOTA
So
Domestic price
V
L
B
DOMESTIC PRICES: OZ
Quota is more prefered by producers keeps imports constant

Tariff is better for economists imports could increase; as welfare
Slide 29

S1
Z
W
QUOTA
So
Harga domestik
V
L
B
HARGA DOMESTIK: OZ
Quota lebih disukai oleh produsen menjaga impor tetap

Tariff lebih baik bagi ekonom impor bisa naik; demikian juga kesejahteraan
Slide 30
Consumer welfare: ODLB

Tariif welfre decreases by BULB NUL = net loss
WZUN = consumer surplus paid to government
So
S1
subsidies to producers
2
Z
W
V
L
Slide 31
Kesejahteraan konsumen ODLB

Tarif kesejahteraan menurun = BULB NUL = kerugian
WZUN = surplus konsumen dibayar ke Pemerintah
So
S1
subsidi untuk produsen
2
Z
W
V
L
Slide 32
Competition in the
Global Economy
Foreign Exchange Rate
Price of a foreign currency in terms of the
domestic currency
Depreciation of the Domestic Currency

Increase in the price of a foreign currency
relative to the domestic currency
Appreciation of the Domestic Currency

Decrease in the price of a foreign currency
relative to the domestic currency
Slide 33
Persaingan dalam
Eknomi Global
Nilai Tukar
Harga mata uang asing dalam nilai mata
uang domestik : Rp/$
Depresiasi Mata uang Domestik

Naiknya harga mata uang asing
dibandingkan mata uang domestik
Apresiasi Mata uang Domestik

Menurunnya harga mata uang asing
dibandingkan mata uang domestik
Slide 34
R = Exchange Rate = Dollar Price of Euros
Supply of Euros
Demand for Euros
Slide 35
Persaingan dalam Ekonomi Global
R = nilai tukar = harga Euro dalam dollar
Penawaran Euro
Permintaan Euro
Slide 36
Monopoly
Demand curve for the firm is the market
demand curve
Firm produces a quantity (Q*) where
marginal revenue (MR) is equal to
marginal cost (MC)
Q* = 500
Slide 37
Keseimbangan Monopoli
Short-Run
Kurva permintaan utk perusahaan adalah
kurva permintaan pasar
Perusahaan memproduksi suatu jumlah
(Q*) dimana penerimaan marginal (MR)
adalah sama dengan biaya marginal (MC)
Q* = 500
Slide 38
p. 344
Monopoly
Profit = 500 x $3
Q* = 500
P* = $11
P = a bQ
TR = (a bQ) Q
= aQ bQ
MR = dTR/dQ = a 2bQ
2b = 2x slope D curve
Slide 39
Keseimbangan Monopoli
Short-Run
Laba = 500 x $3
p. 344
Q* = 500
P* = $11
P = a bQ
TR = (a bQ) Q
= aQ bQ
MR = dTR/dQ = a 2bQ
2b = 2x slope kurva D
Slide 40
p.345
Monopoly
Profit = CAFB
Q* = 700
P* = $9
Slide 41
p.345
Keseimbangan
Monopoli Long-Run
Laba = CAFB
Q* = 700
P* = $9
Slide 42
Social Cost of Monopoly

(Deadweight loss under monopoly)
p. 348
(GHT)
EEH = loss to society a less efficient use of resources

(HENT)
Slide 43
Biaya Sosial dari Monopoli

(Beban sosial dalam monopoli)
p. 348
(GHT)
EEH = kerugian bagi masyarakat

Kurang efisennya penggunaan sumberdaya
(HENT)
Slide 44
Many sellers of differentiated (similar
but not identical) products
Limited monopoly power
Downward-sloping demand curve
Increase in market share by
competitors causes decrease in
demand for the firms product
Slide 45
Banyak penjual dari produk berbeda
(mirip tapi tidak sama)
Kekuatan monopoli terbatas
Kurva permintaan dengan slop
menurun
Meningkatnya pangsa pasar dari
pesaing mengakibatkan menurunnya
permintaan thd produk perusahaan.
Slide 46
Q=6
P = $9
Profit = AFBC = $12
p. 351
Slide 47
Keseimbangan
Persaingan Monopolistik SR
Q=6
P = $9
Laba = AFBC = $12
p. 351
Slide 48
Profit = 0
at Q = 4
P = $6
Break even
At E Perfectly compet mkt
Figure 8-10
Slide 49
Keseimbangan Persaingan
Monopolistik Long-Run
Profit = 0
at Q = 4
P = $6
Pulang pokok/impas
Pada E Pasar Persaingan

Sempurna
Figure 8-10
Slide 50
Long-Run Equilibrium p. 352
D and MR are higher then D and MR before selling efforts see Figure 8-10
Break even
at A*
Cost with selling expenses
Cost without selling expenses
Figure 8-11
Slide 51
Keseimbangan Persaingan
Monopolistik Long-Run p. 352
D dan MR adalah lebih tinggi dpd D & MR sebelum usaha
penjualan
see Figure 8-10
Impas pada A*
Biaya dengan pengeluaran

penjualan
Biaya tanpa pengeluaran

penjualan
Figure 8-11
Slide 52
Problems
No. 8, 10 and 12
p. 359
Slide 53

CH 8 Market Structure Ing-Indo

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Chapter 8

Market Structure: Perfect Competition,

Market Structure & Degree of Competition

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Struktur Pasar: Persaingan Sempurna,

Struktur Pasar & Tingkat Persaingan

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Number & size of sellers & buyers; Type of product;

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Jumlah & ukuran penjual & pembeli; Jenis produk;

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Many buyers and sellers

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Banyak pembeli dan penjual

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Few sellers: 2 sellers = duopoly

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Sedikit penjual: 2 penjual = duopoli

Hambatan thd mobilitas sumberdaya

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Infinitely elastic D curve

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Elastisitas kurva D tak

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

QD 625 5 P 625 5(45) 400

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

QD 625 5 P 625 5(45) 400

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Firms Supply Curve = Marginal Cost

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Perfect Competition: Short-Run Equilibrium

Profits = $10 per unit

BFEC = Loss = $30

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Persaingan Sempurna: Keseimbangan SR

Laba = $10 per unit

BFEC = Kerugian = $30

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Perfect Competition: Long-Run Equilibrium

Econ profit = all firms break even

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Persaingan Sempurna : Keseimbangan LR

Laba ekonomi = seluruh perusahaan

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.