Muhsin Transformer Protection 2015

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Target Audiance
Electrical Engineers
Protection Engineers
Test & Commissioning Engineers
Power System Engineers
Utility Engineers
Electrical Technicians
> Transformer Protection
Introduction
Transformers are a critical and expensive
component of the power system. Due to
long lead time for repair and replacement
of transformers, a major goal of
transformer protection is limiting the
damage to a faulted transformer. The
comprehensive transformer protection
provided by multiple function protective
relays is appropriate for critical
transformers of all applications.
7
The type of protection for the

transformers varies depending on the
application and importance of the
transformer. Transformers are protected
primarily against faults and overloads. The
type of protection used should minimize
the time of disconnection for faults within
the transformer and to reduce the risk of
catastrophic failure to simplify eventual
repair.
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
Any extended operation of the
transformer under abnormal
condition such as faults or
overloads compromises the life
span of the transformer, which
means adequate protection should
be provided for quicker isolation of
the transformer under such
condition.
Types of Transformer Failures

1. Winding failures due to short circuits
(turn-turn faults, phase-phase faults,
phase-ground, open winding)
2.Core faults (core insulation failure,
shorted laminations)
3.Terminal failures (open leads, loose
connections, short circuits)
4.On-load tap changer failures
(mechanical, electrical, short circuit,
overheating).
5.Abnormal operating conditions (over
fluxing, overloading, overvoltage)
10
CAUSES OF FAILURES
Lightning Surges
Line Surges/ External Short Circuits
Over-loading
Deterioration Of insulation
Moisture Ingress
Poor maintenance
Poor Workmanship/Manufacturing
11
Failure Statistics
Lightning Surges- 13%

Line Surges/ Short Circuits- 20%
Over Loading- 4%
Moisture Ingress- 7%
Deterioration Of Insulation- 15%
Poor Workmanship/ Manufacturing- 03%
Inadequate Maintenance- 12%
Loose Connection- 6%
Others- 20%
12
Line Surges
Line Surge (or Line Disturbance) is the number one
cause for all types of transformers failures.
This category includes switching surges, voltage spikes,
line faults/flashovers, and other transmission and
distribution (T&D) abnormalities.
This significant portion of transformer losses indicates
that more attention should be given to providing surge
protection, or testing the adequacy of existing surge
protection.
13
Deterioration of Insulation
Insulation Deterioration is found to be the second
leading cause of failure. The average age of the
transformers that fails due to insulation deterioration is
around 20 years against a general life expectancy of 30
to 35 years.
14
Factors Affecting Life

Expectancy Of Insulation
Misapplication
Vibration
High Operating Temperature
Overloading
Care of Control Equipment
Lack of Cleanliness
Care of Idle or Spare Equipment
Careless or Negligent Operation
15
Inadequate Maintenance
Inadequate Maintenance was the third leading cause of
transformer failures.
This category includes disconnected or improperly set
controls, loss of coolant, accumulation of dirt and oil,
and corrosion.
Inadequate maintenance has to bear the blame for not
discovering incipient troubles when there was ample
time to correct it
16
Poor-Workmanship/Manufacture
A low percent of the total failures are attributed to Poor
Workmanship or Manufacturers Defects these days.
Loose or unsupported leads, loose blocking, poor
brazing, inadequate core insulation, inferior short circuit
strength, and foreign objects left in the tank are the
reasons falling under the above category.
17
Overloading
It includes only those transformers that
experienced a sustained load that exceeded the
nameplate capacity.
Often, the overloading occurs when the plant or the
utility slowly increases the load in small increments
over time. The capacity of the transformer is
eventually exceeded, resulting in excessive
temperatures that prematurely ages the insulation.
As the transformers paper insulation ages, the
strength of the paper is reduced.
Then, forces from an outside fault may cause a
deterioration of the insulation, leading to failure.
18
Moisture
The Moisture category includes failures caused by
floods, leaky pipes, leaking roofs, water entering the
tanks through leaking bushings or fittings, and
confirmed presence of moisture in the insulating oil.
19
Loose Connections
Loose Connections could be included in the
Maintenance category.
This category includes workmanship and maintenance
in making electrical connections.
One problem is the improper mating of dissimilar metals,
although this has decreased somewhat in recent years.
Another problem is improper torquing of bolted
connections.
20
Protection Of
Transformer
21
Auxiliary Faults
-
Mainly related to the Tank, Oil, etc
Detection by Pressure Switches /

Temp. Switches
-
22
Linked with the trip circuit logic
Proection Philosophy
Transformer
1. Main Protection (Internal Faults)

2. Back up Protection ( External faults)
3. Location
4. Size
23
LIST OF PROTECTIONS
Main Protections
Differential
Restricted E/F
Back up Protections
O/C + E/F ( Primary Side)
O/C + E/F ( Secondary Side)
Current Unbalance
Thermal Overload
Auxiliary Protections
Over Fluxing
Oil Temperature
Over Voltage/Under Voltage
Gas pressure
Directional O/C + Directional E/F
Oil Level
Power (Forward / Reverse)
Vibration
Zero Sequence Voltage
Cooling Fans trip

24
Over Frequency / Under Frequency
Voltage Unbalance
Breaker Failure
27
50
59
51 50N 51N
Less than 1 MVA

External Faults
Transformer
50/51
50N/51N
27
50
25
51 50N 59
51N
IDMT Over Current

IDMT Earth Fault
Under Voltage
Over Voltage
More than 1 MVA

Internal Faults
87
64
87 Differential fault
64 Restricted Earth Fault
26
More than 1 MVA

Internal Faults
87
64
87 Differential fault
64 Restricted Earth Fault
27
27
50
51 50N 51N 49
59
46
24
More than 10 MVA
External Faults
50/51
Transformer
28
50N/51N
IDMT Over Current

IDMT Earth Fault
27
Under Voltage
59
Over Voltage
49
50 51 50N 51N
46
Thermal Over Load
24
Over Fluxing
Current Unbalance
Transformer Connections
29
a a2
A
C1
A2
C2
C B1
A
B
C
30
A2
B2
C2
A1
B1
C1
a1
b1
c1
c1
A1
B2 B
a2
b2
c2
a1
b1
b2
c2
c
a
b
Clock face numbers refer to

position of low voltage phase neutral vector with respect to high
voltage phase - neutral vector.
Line connections made to highest

numbered winding terminal available.
Line phase designation is same as
winding.
Transformer Vector Groups
Phase displacement
Yy0
Dd0
Zd0
Phase displacement
Yy6
Dd6
Dz6
Lag phase displacement
Yd1
Dy1
Yz1
Lead phase displacement
Yd11
Dy11
Yz11
Group 1
0
Group 2
180
Group 3
30
Group 4
30
31
Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage

phase-neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase
neutral vector
Line connections made to highest numbered winding

terminal available
Line phase designation is same as winding

Example 1 : Dy 11 Transformer
High
Voltage
Windings
A Phase
Winding
s
B Phase
Winding
s
C Phase
Winding
s
A2
B2
C2
Low
Voltage
Windings
a1
a2
B1
b1
b2
C1
c1
c2
A1
Question : How to connect windings ?
32
Overcurrent Protection
33
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
Requirements
Fast operation for primary short circuits
Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within transformer withstand
Non-operation for short or long term overloads
Non-operation for magnetising inrush
34
Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection
HV
LV
50
51
50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
35
Transient Overreach
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC
transient)
Definition
I1 - I2
x 100
I2
I2
I1
36
D.
C
.
I1 = Steady state
rms
pick up
current
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent

Relay Applied to a Transformer
5
1
LV
5
1
HV
1
5
1
HV
2
HV1
Tim
e
HV2
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
1.2IF(LV)
37
Curren
t
Current Distribution
I3
I3
0.866
I3
I3
38
HV relay
0.4 sec
LV relay
0.866 I3 I3
39
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (1)
51
Grid supply
67
Feeders
51
67
51
40
51
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (2)
51
Grid supply
51
Bus
Section
Feeders
51
51
41
51
42
Earth Fault Protection
43
Transformer Earth Faults

3 p.u. turns 1 p.u. turns
IP
PR
Protective
Relay
ResistorlimitsE/Fcurrentto fullloadvalues
IF
Thus,primarycurrent, P
. F.L.
3
For a fault at : Faultcurrent . F.L.

Effectiveturnsratio 3 :
If C.T. ratio (on primary side) is based on full

load current of transforme r, then C.T. secondary
2
circuit
3
44
x .F.L.
3
Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity

to Earth Faults (1)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
1.0
0.9
IF
0.8
Star
Side
0.7
0.6
51
0.5
Overcurrent
Relay
0.4
Delta
Side
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Overcurrent Relay Setting >

IF.L.
45
p.u..
Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity

to Earth Faults (2)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
10
9
8
IF
Star
Side
7
6
51
Overcurrent
Relay
4
3
2
Delta
Side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
46
Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (1)
51
N
5
1
Provides back-up protection for system

Time delay required for co-ordination
47
5
1
5
1
Unrestricted Earth fault Protection
51
N
51
N
5
1
5
1
5
1
Can provide better sensitivity

(C.T. ratio not related to full load current)
(Improved effective setting)
Provides back up protection for transformer and system
48
Star Winding REF
Protected
Zone
RE
F
Relay only operates for earth faults within protected zone.

Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer
49
Restricted E/F Protection
A B C N
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10%
rated
50
Restricted E/F Protection
A B C N
LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10% rated
51
Delta Winding Restricted Earth Fault
Source
Protected zone
REF
Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence current to

system
Stability : Consider max LV fault level
Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum earth fault
level
52
High Impedance Principle

Protected
Circuit
Z
M
RCT
RCT
RL
IF
IS
VS
RL
RL
RS
RT
Voltage Across Relay Circuit
RL
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Stabilising resistor RST limits spill current to IS (relay setting)

VS
RST =
- RR
where RR = relay burden
IS
CT knee point
VKP = 2VS = 2IF (RCT + 2RL)
53
The Use Of Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)
During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit

constitutes an excessive burden to the CTs.
A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and
the CTs.
Causes damage to insulation of CT, secondary
winding and relay.
Magnitude of peak voltage VP is given by an approximate
formula (based on experimental results)
VP = 2 2VK (VF - VK)
Where VF = Swgr. Fault Rating in amps x Z of relay
circuit
CT ratio
@ setting
Metrosil required if VP > 3kV
54
Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)

IOP
RST
VM
VS
RR
Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI
Suitable values of C & chosen based on :

Max secondary current under fault conditions
Relay setting voltage
55
REF Protection Example
1MVA
(5%)
11000V
415V
1600/1
RCT =
4.9
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MV
A
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
1600/1
RCT =
4.8
56
RS
MCAG14
IS = 0.1
Amp
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41/km)
100m Long
4) Peak voltage
developed by CTs
for internal fault
Solution (1)
Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
p.u.
1 P.U.
Total impedance = 14
1
4
I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
I1
Base current = 80 x 106

3 x 415
= 111296 Amps
I2
IF
4
I0
Sequence Diagram
57
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Solution (2)
(1) Setting voltage

VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming earth CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms
2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)

RS = VS - 1
IS IS2
Where IS = relay current setting
RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms

0.1
0.12
58
Solution
(4)
Peak voltage = 22VK (VF - VK)

VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For Earth CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
VPEAK = 22 x 330 x (13946 - 330)
= 6kV
Thus, Metrosil voltage limiter will be required.
59
Differential Protection
60
Fundamental of differential protection
Types of differential
High impedance differential::
Here a high impedance is added to relay circuit to prevent relay
operation due to CT saturation under through fault conditions.
This is very sensitive and fast operating for internal faults.
Biased differential :
Here the operation depends upon differential current exceeding
the bias current.
The bias characteristics is variable so that it is applicable to a
wide variation in transformer design and configuration. This
bias slope is set to stabilize the protection for small differential
currents, which flow due to tap changer variation and CT
tolerance under through fault conditions.
61
Harmonic Restraint
62
RESTRAINTS IN DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS

2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT
WHEN A TRANSFORMER IS SWITCHED ON,

THE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY MAY SENSE A
DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT AND INITIATE TRIP.
THIS IS DUE TO THE MAGNETISING CURRENT

INRUSH ON ONE SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER.
THIS WILL RESULT IN A LARGE VALUE OF
63
I1-I2 FOR ABOUT 4 OR 5 CYCLES.
RESTRAINTS IN DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT
WHEN OVER FLUXING OCCURS IN A TRANSFORMER

THE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY MAY SENSE A
DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT AND INITIATE TRIP.
THIS IS DUE TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF FLUX

PRESENT IN THE CORE CAUSING AN ARTIFICIAL
64
I1-I2 FOR A SHORT TIME.
Harmonics present in transformer charging in rush

current
65
Evolution Of Protective Relaying.
Electromechanical single function

Static single function
Digital single function
Digital multifunction relays
Numerical multifunction relays
Numerical multifunction systems
66
Functions of Numerical Transformer

Protection
67
68
69
Overall differential protection may be justified for
larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.

It is essential for transformers with tap changing
facility.
Another important requirement of transformer
differential protection is immunity to magnetising in
rush current.
70
Biased Differential Scheme
Differential
Current
I1
BIAS
OPERATE
BIAS I
2
I1 I2
OPERATE
I1 I2
RESTRAIN
I1 +
I2
2
71
Mean Through
Current
HV
PROTECTED
ZONE
LV
Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio

and winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a replica of primary system.
Consider :
(1)
(2)
(3)
72
Difference in current magnitude

Phase shift
Zero sequence currents
Differential Connections And polarity markings
P1
P2
A2
A1
73
a1
a2
P2
P1
Use of Interposing CT
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
S1 P1
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
P2
S2
S2
74
a2
P2
S1
Interposing current transformers
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
150/5
P2
P1
S1
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
A2
A1 a1
a2
800/5
P2
P1
S2
S2
S1
Dy1
Given above: Need to consider (1) Winding full load current

(2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents:66kV: 131 Amp = 4.37 Amps secondary
11kV: 787 Amp = 4.92 Amps secondary
However, require 11kV C.T.s to be connected in
Thus, secondary current = 3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED

89
800/5
150/5
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
a2
P2
P1
S2
S2
4.37A
4.92A
S1
S2 P1
(2.56)
S1
P2
(5)
R
R
It is usual to connect 11kV C.T.s in

and utilise a
/
interposing C.T. (this
method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.s)
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 Amp
Thus, current required from
winding of int. C.T. = 4.37 Amp
Current input to
winding of int. C.T. = 4.92 Amp
Required int C.T. ratio = 4.92 / 4.37 = 4.92 / 2.52
3
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.56
90
Effect of Tap Changer
e.g. Assume 66kV +5%, -15%

Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap position
Mid Tap (-5%)
= 62.7 kV
Primary current (15 MVA)
= 138 Amp
Secondary current
= 4.6 Amp
Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / 4.6

3
(
/
)
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
Compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage
91
Combined Differential and

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
A1 a1
A2
a2
P1
P2
S1
P1
P2
S1
S2
REF
S2
P2
P1
S1
S2
To differential relay
92
Three Winding Transformer

63MV
A
132KV
300/5
25MV
A
11KV
1600/5
50MV
A
33KV
1000/5
4.59
5.51
10.33
2.88
2.88
All interposing C.T. ratios refer

to common MVA base (63MVA)
93
Traditional Use of Interposing CT

Dy1(-30)
Yd11(+30)
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
94
Non-electrical Protection
Buchholz Protection
Pressure Relief Protection
Sudden Pressure Protection
Winding Temperature Protection
Oil Temperature Protection
Oil Level Abnormal Protection
95
Buchholz Protection
The function of the relay is to detect an abnormal condition
within the tank and send an alarm or trip signal.
96
Buchholz operate when:
Gas produced from the transformer due to

fault
An oil surge from the tank to the conservator
A complete loss of oil from the conservator
(very low oil level)
97
Pressure Relief Device

Transformers last line of defense against internal pressure
98
Sudden Pressure Protection

Used to detect sudden increase in gas pressure caused by
internal arcing
Set to operate before pressure relief device
99
Oil Temperature Protection
Typically sealed spiral-bourdon-tube dial indicators with liquidfilled bulb sensor
100
Buchholz Relay Installation
3 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Conservator
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Oil conservator
3 minimum
Transformer
101
Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Alarm bucket
Counter balance
weight
Mercury switch
Oil level
To oil
conservator
From transformer
Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster
Drain plug
102
Deflector plate
Over fluxing Protection
103
Transformer protection
Over fluxing protection

Over fluxing arises principally from the
following system conditions.
High system voltage
Low system frequency
Geomagnetic disturbances
The latter result in low frequency earth
currents circulating through a transmission
system.
104
Over fluxing
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :
Increase in magnetising current

Increase in winding temperature
Increase in noise and vibration
Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by stray flux)
Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.

Stage 2 - Trip field
105
Over fluxing Basic Theory
V = kf
2m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
EFFECTS
Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)

Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
106
Ie
V/Hz Overfluxing Protection
V K
f
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e.
110V x 1.05 = 2.31

50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds
107
V/Hz Characteristics
Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics
t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)2
1000
K = 63
K = 40
K = 20
K=5
K=1
100
Operating
time (s)
10
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
M = V Hz
Setting
108
1.5
1.6
Thermal Overload Protection
109
Over temperature
Generally regarded as overload protection also deals
with failure of or interference with pumps and fans or
shutting of valves to pumps
Winding hot spot temperature is the main issue, but both
oil and winding temperature are usually measured and
used to:
initiate an alarm
trip circuit breakers
control fans and pumps
110
Over temperature
Two temperatures must be monitored:
Winding temperature (WTI) -(short
thermal ) this can rise rapidly, without
much of an increase in oil temperature
Oil temperature (OTI) -(long thermal )
this can rise slowly to a critical point
without an unacceptable winding
temperature increase
111
Typical alarm and trip levels
winding alarm - 90C to

110C
winding trip - 110C to
135C
oil alarm - 80C to 95C
oil trip - 95C to 115C
112
Overheating Protection
I load
Alarm
TD
setting
Top oil of
power
transformer
Trip
I load
On
Fan
control
Off
On
Pump
control
Off
Heater
Temp. indication
Local
Thermal
replica
113
Temperature
sensing resistor
Remote
THANK YOU?????
114

Muhsin Transformer Protection 2015

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TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

The type of protection for the

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Types of Transformer Failures

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Lightning Surges- 13%

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Factors Affecting Life

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Mainly related to the Tank, Oil, etc

Detection by Pressure Switches /

Linked with the trip circuit logic

> Transformer Protection

1. Main Protection (Internal Faults)

> Transformer Protection

Over Voltage/Under Voltage

Directional O/C + Directional E/F

Power (Forward / Reverse)

Zero Sequence Voltage

Cooling Fans trip

Over Frequency / Under Frequency

> Transformer Protection

Less than 1 MVA

> Transformer Protection

IDMT Over Current

More than 1 MVA

> Transformer Protection

More than 1 MVA

> Transformer Protection

More than 10 MVA

> Transformer Protection

IDMT Over Current

Thermal Over Load

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Clock face numbers refer to

Line connections made to highest

Transformer Vector Groups

Lag phase displacement

Lead phase displacement

> Transformer Protection

Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage

Line connections made to highest numbered winding

Line phase designation is same as winding

Question : How to connect windings ?