What is an OP-AMP

Evolution of IC, Classification,

OP-Amp configurations,
Virtual ground concept,
Biasing of OP-Amp
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History and Evolution Of Integrated Circuits

Early 60s saw the low density fabrication processes
classified under Small Scale Integration (SSI) in
which transistor count was limited to about 10
Medium Scale Integration in the late 60s when
around 100 transistors could be placed on a single chip.
Early seventies marked the growth of transistor count to
about 1000 per chip called the Large Scale
Integration.
By mid eighties, the transistor count on a single chip
had already exceeded 1000 and hence came the age of
Very Large Scale Integration or VLSI
The second age of Integrated Circuits revolution started
with the introduction of the first microprocessor, the
4004 by Intel in 1972 and the 8080 in 1974
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IC-Integrated Circuits

Low cost, miniature electronic circuit

consisting of active and passive
components that are irreparably
joined together on a single crystal
chip of silicon.
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Advantages
Miniaturization and increased equipment density
Cost reduction due to batch processing
Increased system reliability due to elimination of
soldered joints
Improved functional performance(possible to
fabricate complex circuits)
Increased operating speeds
Matched devices (Due to the absence of stray
capacitance)
Reduction in power consumption
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Classification
Based on the inputs
Linear IC- Analog inputs
Digital IC- Digital inputs

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Monolithic

Mosfet

FET
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Hybrid

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Packages
Metal can
DIP
Flat Package

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Operational Amplifiers
First developed to do mathematical
operations-Hence the name
In earlier days analogue computers
are used
Addition, subtraction, integration
and differentiation
Even though digital computers
evolved they are still using for
performing mathematical operations
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 Consists of input ports ,

supply ports and output
ports
It is essentially an
amplifier (differential
amplifier)
It amplifies the
difference in the input
signals
It cant independently
work as a diff amp(need
external circuits)
Natural gain is high in
the order of 100,000
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In open loop configuration/

(Comparator)
15 V

Vsat +15
V

1V

1.001 V
-15 V
15 V
1.001 V
1V
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-15 V

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Vsat -15

Closed loop configurations

When uses ve
feedbacks op
amps becomes
incredibly useful

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Rules
1)No current will flow in
or out of the input
terminals
2)The op amp tries to
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The op amp tries to keep the inputs

at same voltage (Only applicable to
closed loops)

The op amp cant change the input volt

But it can control the voltage at

terminals through a feedback
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Simplest loop/Voltage
follower No feed back
resistance
According to the 2nd
rule the op amp tries
to maintain the the
voltage at the
inverting terminal
same as that of the
non inverting
terminal
Here it is 10V
Buffering means taking a high
impedance signal and providing a
low impedance signal
Gain= unity (since rf=0 and r1
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10 V in and 10 Volt
out !!
-10 V in and -10 Volt
out
Very simple

Non-inverting amplifier

R
1

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Here gain is
controlled
Rf>>R1
R1 and Rf forms a
voltage divider
circuit and a portion
of the output
voltage is feeded
back to the terminal
Av=(Rf/R1)+1
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Inverting amplifier

-ve feedback to the inverting pin

Input is feeding through

Ri (not directly as the
previous case)

Virtual Ground Concept

Rules
1)No current will flow in or out of
the input terminals

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2)The op amp tries to keep the

at of
same voltage (Only
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applicable
to closed loops)

Understanding Virtual
Ground

0V

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Since both points are grounded

the input which we are feeding
at Vin vanishes after it passes
the resistance Ri
Assume Vin=1 V
Ri-1000 Ohm
Voltage across Ri=V*I ie=1 mA
This current cant flow to the
ground since op amp is drawing
no current
So it has to go someway ie
through the feedback resistor
Rf
Suppose the Rf is 10000 ohm
the voltage across it will be 10
V
The op amp having internal
circuitries to sink the current as
shown in the figure on left side
The output will be -10 V

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0V

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Points to remember
Only one end is grounded
The other end is virtually
grounded ie there is no
hard wire connection
If we grounded that end
with hard wire the
signal will be grounded
following the path
shown in figure
And the output would be
zero since both inputs
are at zero

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 Consider a
configuration like
this..
The vcc and +ve
terminal is
grounded

In order to get
proper
amplification the
zero reference
line should be
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How can it be done?

By providing
a voltage
divider at the
input terminal
to provide the
required bias
voltage

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Differential Amplifier

INVERTING CONFIGURATION

Biasing configuration

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For getting high

CMRR
R1=R2
Rf= RG

1.1V

-.909+1.909

.909V

1V
.909V

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1V

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