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Bio Chemical
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Nerves
Measurement Systems
Bio-Chemical
Energy to activate body
With Intake of
Food
Water
air
Support Messenger agent material for
growth
repair of parts of body
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Pneumatic system
Air pump Diaphragm create
+ve and ve pressure in
sealed chamber Thoractic
cavity
Cause air to be sucked and
forced out
Oxygen is taken into blood
and Co2 is transferred from
blood to air
Nervous system
Communication network
Central Part--
Brain
hearing
sight
touch
Volume muscle control
Cerebellum
Intercept sensors
Motor nerves
Smooth out , avoid jerking motions
Bio-Medical Instrumentation
Involves Study of
Action Potential
Bio- Potential electrodes
Recording Systems
ECG,EEG,EMG
Exploratory Systems
X-Rays Machines, Ct Scanners, MRI and Ultrasonic Imaging
Systems
Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nervous System
Action Potentials
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Membrane Potential
The potential difference (70 mV) across the membrane of a
resting neuron
It is generated by different concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl, and
protein anions (A)
Ionic differences are the consequence of:
Differential permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+
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Depolarization
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Action Potential
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Repolarization
Restores the resting electrical conditions of the
neuron
Does not restore the resting ionic conditions
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
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1 resting state
2 depolarization
phase
3 repolarization
phase
4-- hyperpolarization
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Action Potential
Action Potential
1 ms
Repolarisation
150 to 300ms
Muscle twitch
10 ms after repolarisation
Graded potentials
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Graded Potentials
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Graded Potential
Short-lived, local changes
in membrane potential
Decrease in intensity with
distance
Their magnitude varies
directly with the strength of
the stimulus
Sufficiently strong graded
potentials can initiate
action potentials
Action Potential
Action potentials are only
generated by muscle cells
and neurons
They do not decrease in
strength over distance
They are the principal
means of neural
communication
An action potential in the
axon of a neuron is a nerve
impulse
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What if ..?
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.
Some of the Na channels which are normally closed
will remain open
Easier to reach threshold and action potential
Signs and Symptoms nervousness, muscle spasms
tetany.
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Bio-potential Electrodes
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