Topic 2

Instructional
Design
Week 2

1 Concept of Instructional Design

Meaning
Delivery or teaching process is an important
activity that must be implement in education
and training.
There are also other models of instructional
design, such as:
- ASSURE
- ADDIE
- 9S Gagne Events
- Dick & Carey
- Water Fall
- ARCS Model of
- Kemp Design Model
Motivational
Design
- Organizational Elements
(Keller)
Model

.1.2 Role and Importance

Is a systematic process that encompass
three important stages, namely the
determination of objectives, lesson planning
and evaluation and reflection of teaching
and learning.
six basic things in the teaching process,
namely:
i. determine the needs of pupils
ii. determine goals and objectives
iii. building assessment procedures
iv. design and choose the delivery
strategy
v. try out the teaching system

There are large and small scale

instructional design. Gustafon (Wah
Wan Ali et al. 2008) has divided the
model into three focus:
i. school-oriented model
ii. product-oriented model
iii. system-oriented model
Aim of the design is to produce an
effective teaching and learning.

According to Dick and Reiser (Wah Wan

Ali et al.2008), effective teaching
enables pupils to acquire knowledge
and skills, apart from the expected
behavior change. A successful teaching
can bring respect to teachers.
Indirectly, it helps to produce
competent, dedicated and innovative
teachers.

2 Instructional Design Model

2.2.1 Model ASSURE

Is a classroom-based design model. This
model is pioneered by Heinich et. Al (Wah
Wan Ali et al.2008). It gets its name from the
initial letter acronym A.S.S.U.R.E.

It contains six steps that is analysis of

student characteristics, state teaching and
learning objectives, select strategy,
technology and appropriate media, use of
technology, materials and the media of
teaching and learning, engage students in
the learning process, and value as well as

2.2.1.1 Analyse learner

Before embarking on a teaching and
learning, teachers need to know the general
characteristics of the students such as age,
degree / level, student background, socioeconomic level and others. Teachers can
obtain the complete information about pupil
through student records and direct
interaction with students. Through these
methods, teachers will able to use
appropriate technology and provide teaching
materials and media based on past
experience of students.

Learning style refers to the psychological

traits of students in processing, interpreting,
collect information on knowledge and skills
and in turn reacts with its environment. It
refers to the most effective way of learning.
According to Dunn & Dunns model (Wah
Wan Ali et al., 2008), learning style refers to
how a student processes information and
retain new information through the five
stimulus such as environment, emotional,
social, physiological and psychological.

1.2 State objective (teaching and learnin

Learning makes a difference in terms of mastery of
the knowledge, skills and behavior.
Statement of learning objectives should be written
in explicit and clear manner. It can help teachers to
evaluate to what extent the learning objectives or
skills that have been defined can be mastered by
students. Modifications to the methods or strategies
can be done if the objectives are not achieved.
Statement of objectives help teachers in the
selection of methods, materials and instructional
media and technology that can be used in teaching
and learning.

1.3 Select technology, Strategies, media

materials
There are four steps in this process:
determine the appropriate type of technology to
use
select appropriate methods for teaching and
learning
select appropriate media format on the method
chosen
2.2.1.3.1
Determining the appropriate
select,
type
of modify and design of selected media

technology

The selection of technology should be based on

students characteristics and their learning styles.

2.2.1.3.2 Selecting method

There is no one single method used in the process of
teaching and learning. There are more than one
method used in the learning process.
For example
simulation, role-playing can be used during set
induction. Brainstorming method can be used during
question and answer session. Each answer will be
accepted by teachers.
Drills method can be used to strengthen new skill
that was presented by the teacher. Selection of
teaching method is be based on objectives, style of
teaching, students' prior knowledge, student
characteristics and learning styles of students.

2.2.1.3.2 Selecting method

There is no one single method used in the process of
teaching and learning. There are more than one
method used in the learning process.
For example
simulation, role-playing can be used during set
induction. Brainstorming method can be used during
question and answer session. Each answer will be
accepted by teachers.
Drills method can be used to strengthen new skill
that was presented by the teacher. Selection of
teaching method is be based on objectives, style of
teaching, students' prior knowledge, student
characteristics and learning styles of students.

2.2.1.3.3 Selecting the media format and

material
resources
There are seven factors that should be taken into
account, namely:
objectives
target groups of pupils
time
the cost
facility
skills / technical expertise
equipment required

There are three types of resource selection criteria.

They are:
making use of available resources
modify an existing source material
designing new resources

2.2.1.3.4 Selecting, modifying and

designing the selected
media

There are seven factors that should be taken into

account, namely:
objectives
target groups of pupils
time
the cost
facility
skills / technical expertise
equipment required

Selection of available resources should follow some

criteria such as:
Suits curriculum
Accurate, reliable and timely information
Language is clear and easy to understand
Attract and motivates pupils
Attract student participation
Have quality
There is evidence of the effectiveness of the usage
Free from bias
Availability of user guide or manual

2.2.1.4 Utilize technology, media and

materials (use of
technology, material and the
teaching and
Use of resource material has to be accurate, timely
learning
media)
and at the right
place.The
following steps have to be
checked before using the the resource materials;
check the resource material before using in the
classroom.
prepare materials for use in the classroom
provide environment for optimal use
prepare students emotionally and physically for
maximum
benefit
provide learning experiences for students

2.2.1.3.5 Require learner participation

Teachers can plan teaching and learning sessions
involving students through student-centered
methods. One example on student-centered activity
is the project work. This will motivate students and
enable teachers to measure changes in student
behavior.

2.2.1.3.6 Evaluate and revise

Evaluation during and after the teaching and

learning enable teachers to make improvements
and corrections, and conduct appropriate follow-up
action through the practice of reflection.
Through reflection, teachers need to look at the
effectiveness of planning, teaching, objectives and
behavioral change of students. Through this
process, Teachers could plan a more effective and

2.4.1 ADDIE Model

A

Analysis

Design

Development

Implementation

Evaluation

2.4.1.1 Analysis Phase

Teachers need to identify target groups of pupils,
the characteristics of students learning, teaching
objectives, the time frame, selected instructional
strategies and students' previous experience.

2.4.1.2 Design phase

Given to the design of teaching and learning,
determination of learning objectives, content
delivery, assessment tool to be used, the selection
of the appropriate media type and the enhancement
and enrichment training will be given to the
students according to their level of skills acquired.

2.4.1.3 Stage Development

This stage involves the selection of the content and
use of technology.

2.4.1.4 Level Implementation

It involves the entire learning process, from
understanding of the curriculum, the determination
of outcomes, selection of teaching strategies,
instructional media

2.4.1.5 Level Assessment

Formative and summative assessment. Formative

assessment is carried out throughout the process of
teaching and learning and summative evaluation is
conducted at the end of the school term in the form
of tests for cognitive domain and also aims at
getting feedback from students.

2.4.1.1 Analysis Phase

Teachers need to identify target groups of pupils,
the characteristics of students learning, teaching
objectives, the time frame, selected instructional
strategies and students' previous experience.

2.4.1.2 Design phase

Given to the design of teaching and learning,
determination of learning objectives, content
delivery, assessment tool to be used, the selection
of the appropriate media type and the enhancement
and enrichment training will be given to the
students according to their level of skills acquired.

2.5 Design Message design in teaching

and learning

Instructional Media plays a very important role in

instructional design. Media is act as mediator
between the presenter and recipient of the
message.

According to Educational Communication and

Technology ((AECT) 2004) (Wah Wan Ali et al.2008),
media are all forms or channel used to communicate
a message. Media in teaching and learning context
focus on delivery of teaching and learning.
The media can be divided into three components:
Messages
Form of message
Message channel

i. Message
Message is the content to be delivered by the
presenter. Messages can be in the form of
information, motivation, reminder, sign language
and others.

ii. Form of message

Referring to the question of how the message is

delivered. It can be in the form of pictures, tables,
charts, symbols, announcements, and so on.

iii. Message channel

Refers to the physical devices used to convey
message. Messages can be delivered in the form of
electrical, mechanical, digital, and other signal.
Some of the tools used as message channel are
radio, television, Overhead Projector, LCD Projectors,
digital camera and video camera.