Subject Name And Code : Elements of Electrical Engineering(2110005)

Active Learning Assignment

Topic : Basic Electrical Concept
Guided by : Prof. Supraja Giddaluru
Branch : Electrical
Division : F2 Sem : 1st
Academic Year : 2014(odd)

Prepared By:
Name

Enrollment no.

Harshid Panchal
Harsh Prajapati
Manthan Rajput

140120109023
140120109042
140120109057

CURREN
T

ent(I) is a measure of how much charge(Q) is

ng through a circuit at a particular moment.

s another definition is:

ic current is the rate of charge flow past a
point in an electric circuit, measured in
mbs/second which is named Amperes. In most
lectric circuits, it can be assumed that the
ance to current flow is a constant so that the
nt in the circuit is related to voltage and
ance by Ohm's law. The standard
eviations for the units are 1 A = 1C/s.
Q ()
I= t

TYPES OF CURRENT
Alternating
Current(AC):In AC, electrons keep
switching directions,
sometimes going
"forwards" and then
going "backwards.
Safe to transfer over
longer city distances and
can provide more power.
The frequency of
alternating current is
50Hz or 60Hz depending
upon the country.
It reverses its direction
while flowing in a circuit.
It is the current of

Direct Current(DC):In DC, the electrons flow

steadily in a single
direction, or "forward.
Voltage of DC cannot
travel very far until it
begins to lose energy.
The frequency of direct
current is zero.
It flows in one direction
in the circuit.
It is the current of
constant magnitude.
Power Factor it is
always 1.
Its types are Pure and
pulsating.

AMMETER

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used

to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A),
hence the name. Instruments used to measure
smaller currents, in the milliampere or
microampere range.

VOLTAG
E

Voltage, also calledelectromotive

force, is a quantitative expression
of the potential difference in
charge between two points in an
electrical field.

It is possible to have voltage without

current, but current cannot flow without
voltage.
Voltage is a measure of the energy
carried by the charge.
The proper name for voltage is
potential difference or p.d. for short.

The switch is closed making

a complete circuit so
current can flow.

The switch is open so the

circuit is broken and
current cannot flow.

Without the cell there is no

source of voltage so
current cannot flow.

VOLTMETER

A voltmeter is an instrument used for

measuring electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. Analog
voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in
proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital
voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage

POWER
Electric power is the rate at which
electric energy is transferred by an
electric circuit.
The SI unit of Power is the watt, one
joule per second.
Electric power is usually produced by
electric generators, but can also be
supplied by chemical sources such as
electric batteries.
Electric power, like mechanical power,
is the rate of doing work, measured in
watts, and represented by the letter P.
where
Q is electric charge in coulombs

RESISTOR

Resistance is a property of material due to which it

opposes the flow of current through it.

When electrons flow through any material, they

collide with each other which gives rise to opposition
to the flow of current.

The

unit of resistor is ohm().

The resistance of a conductor will be 1 when it

allows 1 A current to flow through it on
application of 1 V across its material.

The resistance of conducting material is found to

be directly proportional to the length l of the
material,
be inversely proportional to the cross-sectional
area of the material.
depend on the nature of material.
depend upon the temperature.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Therefore,
R l/a
or R = l/a
Where,
R=resistance in
l=length in m
a =cross section area in m
= resistivity in -m

INDUCTOR
An

inductor is made of a coil of conducting

wire.

An inductor is a passive element designed to

store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.

d
di
v
L
dt
dt

CAPACITOR
A capacitor

consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

The symbol use for capacitor in the

circuit diagram is ::

A capacitor is a two terminal circuit element that has a current

through its terminals which is proportional to the derivative of
the voltage across its terminals.

The coefficient of this proportionality is the defining

characteristic of a capacitor.

A capacitor is the device that we use to model the effect of

electric fields on circuit variables.

The energy stored in electric fields has effects on voltage and

current.

Where,

A
C
d

A
d

r 0
0 8.854 10 12 (F/m)

Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:

1.

Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.

2.

Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing, the greater the
capacitance.

3.

Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the greater the

capacitance.

The relation between the charge in plates and the voltage across a
capacitor is given below.

q Cv
1F 1 C/V

ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES

Electricity

Electricity is very important in our lives.

We would find it very hard to do without it.

There are so many things in our homes that are powered by

electricity that we have begun to depend on them.

Imagine you woke up this morning and had no electricity.

What difference would it make to
your normal morning routine?

Solar energy

Energy radiates from the sun and the light rays can be captured
with photovoltaics and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to
concentrate the power, and the suns heat is also a thermal
source.

Water Electricity

Water Electricityis electricity obtained from hydropower. Most

hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. Less common variations make use
of water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as tidal power.
Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.

Wind Energy

Wind is a form ofsolar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating
of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's
terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can be used to
generateelectricity.

Chemical energy

This is stored, or potential, energy. Releasing chemical energy

from in carbon-based fuels generally requires combustion for

example the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, or a biomass such as
wood.

Like is carbon battery

Thermal energy

Typical sources of thermal energy are heat from underground hot springs,
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (per above) or industrial processes.

Nuclear energy

This is the energy stored in the bonds inside atoms and molecules.

When nuclear energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and

heat (thermal energy) as well.

References :