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    Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Propulsion system is the machine that produces thrust to push the aircraft forward through air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. A gas (working fluid) is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces the thrust force. Further, the type of power plant to be used in the aircraft depends on four important factors, namely: the aircraft mission, over all weight, flying range and endurance and altitude of flight. This assignment work was partitioned into three different parts (A, B and C respectively). In Part-A, a debate was made on the viability of implementation of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts. Logical arguments based on literatures collected from various internet and text book sources were made and the conclusion of the usage of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts was drawn. In Part-B, for the given mission of the aircraft, suitable power plant was chosen (Turbo fan engine) and corresponding cycle analysis calculations was done. The calculations were repeated for a range of flying altitudes and performance plots drawn were critically examined. Also, for the given Turbo prop engine data, cycle analysis calculations were done. The calculations were repeated for a set of Mach numbers and performance plots drawn were critically examined. The different engine installation techniques for a turboprop engine was also discussed. In Part-C, flow over an axial gas turbine cascade was analysed in Ansys-FLUENT software package. The blade geometry was created in Ansys-BladeGen and then imported to CATIA to create the flow domain. Meshing of the geometry was done in Fluent-ICEMCFD. The total momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency for the selected turbofan engine for the extreme altitudes of 4km & 18km was estimated as 73541N & 9375N and 47% & 40% respectively. The percentage of cold thrust generated at 4km & 18km was 60% & 45% respectively. Both momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency of the engine was observed to decrease with increase in altitude. The propeller thrust and power for the given turboprop engine for flight Mach corresponding to 0.1 & 0.8 was estimated to be 191669N & 25546N and 6074467W & 6477144W respectively. With increasing Mach number of flight, propeller thrust and power was observed to decrease and increase respectively. For the flow analysis over the axial turbine cascade, maximum static pressure value occurs for +150 (2.67*105 Pa) and minimum for 00 (2.5*105 Pa) flow incidence angles respectively. The maximum Mach number value occurs for +150 (1.89) and minimum for -150 (1.57) flow incidence angles respectively. Further the pressure loss was observed to be minimum for -150 (0.1118) flow incidence angle and maximum for +150 (0.2538) flow incidence angle.

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    Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Propulsion system is the machine that produces thrust to push the aircraft forward through air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. A gas (working fluid) is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces the thrust force. Further, the type of power plant to be used in the aircraft depends on four important factors, namely: the aircraft mission, over all weight, flying range and endurance and altitude of flight. This assignment work was partitioned into three different parts (A, B and C respectively). In Part-A, a debate was made on the viability of implementation of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts. Logical arguments based on literatures collected from various internet and text book sources were made and the conclusion of the usage of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts was drawn. In Part-B, for the given mission of the aircraft, suitable power plant was chosen (Turbo fan engine) and corresponding cycle analysis calculations was done. The calculations were repeated for a range of flying altitudes and performance plots drawn were critically examined. Also, for the given Turbo prop engine data, cycle analysis calculations were done. The calculations were repeated for a set of Mach numbers and performance plots drawn were critically examined. The different engine installation techniques for a turboprop engine was also discussed. In Part-C, flow over an axial gas turbine cascade was analysed in Ansys-FLUENT software package. The blade geometry was created in Ansys-BladeGen and then imported to CATIA to create the flow domain. Meshing of the geometry was done in Fluent-ICEMCFD. The total momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency for the selected turbofan engine for the extreme altitudes of 4km & 18km was estimated as 73541N & 9375N and 47% & 40% respectively. The percentage of cold thrust generated at 4km & 18km was 60% & 45% respectively. Both momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency of the engine was observed to decrease with increase in altitude. The propeller thrust and power for the given turboprop engine for flight Mach corresponding to 0.1 & 0.8 was estimated to be 191669N & 25546N and 6074467W & 6477144W respectively. With increasing Mach number of flight, propeller thrust and power was observed to decrease and increase respectively. For the flow analysis over the axial turbine cascade, maximum static pressure value occurs for +150 (2.67*105 Pa) and minimum for 00 (2.5*105 Pa) flow incidence angles respectively. The maximum Mach number value occurs for +150 (1.89) and minimum for -150 (1.57) flow incidence angles respectively. Further the pressure loss was observed to be minimum for -150 (0.1118) flow incidence angle and maximum for +150 (0.2538) flow incidence angle.

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    11 views37 pages

    ACD505 Session 00

    Uploaded by

    Karthik Abhi
    Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Propulsion system is the machine that produces thrust to push the aircraft forward through air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. A gas (working fluid) is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces the thrust force. Further, the type of power plant to be used in the aircraft depends on four important factors, namely: the aircraft mission, over all weight, flying range and endurance and altitude of flight. This assignment work was partitioned into three different parts (A, B and C respectively). In Part-A, a debate was made on the viability of implementation of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts. Logical arguments based on literatures collected from various internet and text book sources were made and the conclusion of the usage of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts was drawn. In Part-B, for the given mission of the aircraft, suitable power plant was chosen (Turbo fan engine) and corresponding cycle analysis calculations was done. The calculations were repeated for a range of flying altitudes and performance plots drawn were critically examined. Also, for the given Turbo prop engine data, cycle analysis calculations were done. The calculations were repeated for a set of Mach numbers and performance plots drawn were critically examined. The different engine installation techniques for a turboprop engine was also discussed. In Part-C, flow over an axial gas turbine cascade was analysed in Ansys-FLUENT software package. The blade geometry was created in Ansys-BladeGen and then imported to CATIA to create the flow domain. Meshing of the geometry was done in Fluent-ICEMCFD. The total momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency for the selected turbofan engine for the extreme altitudes of 4km & 18km was estimated as 73541N & 9375N and 47% & 40% respectively. The percentage of cold thrust generated at 4km & 18km was 60% & 45% respectively. Both momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency of the engine was observed to decrease with increase in altitude. The propeller thrust and power for the given turboprop engine for flight Mach corresponding to 0.1 & 0.8 was estimated to be 191669N & 25546N and 6074467W & 6477144W respectively. With increasing Mach number of flight, propeller thrust and power was observed to decrease and increase respectively. For the flow analysis over the axial turbine cascade, maximum static pressure value occurs for +150 (2.67*105 Pa) and minimum for 00 (2.5*105 Pa) flow incidence angles respectively. The maximum Mach number value occurs for +150 (1.89) and minimum for -150 (1.57) flow incidence angles respectively. Further the pressure loss was observed to be minimum for -150 (0.1118) flow incidence angle and maximum for +150 (0.2538) flow incidence angle.

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    of 37

    Module Code: ACD505

    Module Title: Aircraft Performance and


    Flight Dynamics
    Module Leaders:
    M. Sivapragasam and Dr. H. K. Narahari

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    1
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Details
    Course: M. Tech. in ACD
    Department: Automotive & Aeronautical
    Engineering
    Head of the Department: Dr. S. Srikari
    (hod.aae.et@msruas.ac.in)
    Faculty: Engineering & Technology
    Dean: Prof. H. K. Narahari (
    dean.et@msruas.ac.in)

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Why this Module


    The objectives of the course are to enable the students to:
    1. Explain the construction, working principles and functional
    requirements of aircraft systems with respect to their
    performance
    2. Convert the customer requirements to viable design specifications
    and evolve conceptual design
    3. Model, simulate, analyse and validate aircraft conceptual
    design to meet operational requirements using
    commercially available tools
    4. Demonstrate Critical, analytical, problem solving and
    research skills in the domain of Aeronautical Engineering
    5. Develop a career in Aeronautical Engineering
    6. Practise Teamwork, lifelong learning and continuous improvement
    The module is being delivered to meet the above highlighted
    objectives of the course.

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Aim and Summary


    This module intends to prepare students for evaluating the
    stability and control parameters of an aircraft using linear
    methods. Students are taught basics of static stability and
    control for the following modes: longitudinal, lateral and
    directional. Students are taught dynamical equations
    governing the motion of aircraft in space. They are trained to
    solve linearised equations of motion and compute stability
    margins.

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Intended Learning Outcomes


    After undergoing this module students will be able to:
    1. Explain the influence of aerodynamic characteristics,
    weight, engine performance and flight altitude on the
    aircraft performance
    2. Distinguish
    performance
    requirements
    between
    different class of aircraft
    3. Analyse and evaluate aeroplane performance for
    different phases of flight, Level flight, Turning, Gliding,
    climb, takeoff and landing through solution of available
    standard mathematical models
    4. Calculate size and evaluate control surfaces using
    standard correlations
    5. Critically evaluate the stability derivatives and
    establish flight boundaries such as range and
    endurance, payloadrange, Vn diagram and turn
    performance
    5

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Indicative Content
    Systems of axes and notation: Earth, body axes, Euler angles and
    transformations
    Stability and Control : Static equilibrium and trim, wing location, tail
    plane sizing, CG travel,
    Longitudinal : Stability : Sizing of Controls surfaces Neutral Point : Stick
    Fixed and Free
    Lateral and Directional Stability : Coupling between the two , Sizing of
    Controls surfaces
    Equations of motion of a rigid aircraft in space: Linearisations , flat
    earth simplifications.
    Decoupled equations

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    6
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Indicative Content
    Solution techniques: State space approach, Matrix methods, Transfer
    function
    Longitudinal Dynamics : Modes of a typical Aircraft, Short period, long
    period
    Lateral and directional dynamics : Modes of a typical Aircraft, rolling,
    Dutch, spiral
    Stability and control derivatives turning flight: Turning flight in general,
    Maximum load
    factor and bank angle, Fastest and tightest turn, sustained and
    attained turn rates, V-n
    Diagram

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Teaching and Learning


    Methods
    Lecture Sessions
    Laboratory practice

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Method of Assessment
    A module assessment will have two components:
    Component - 1: 50% weight
    Assignment (30% weight) followed by a presentation on the
    assignment (10% weight) and a laboratory examination (10%
    weight).
    A word processed assignment is to be submitted followed by a
    presentation by the students.
    In case there is no laboratory examination, the assignment
    (40% weight) followed by a presentation on the assignment
    (10% weight) - applicable only for those modules where it is
    not possible to have laboratory examination.
    Component - 2 : 50% weight
    Written Examination (50% weight).

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Method of Assessment Contd..


    The assessment questions are set to test the learning
    outcomes. In each component certain learning outcomes are
    assessed. The following table illustrates the focus of learning
    outcome in each component assessed:

    Both components will be moderated by a second examiner.


    A student is required to score a minimum of 40% in each of
    the components and an overall 40% for successful completion
    of a module and earning the credits.

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Software tool and Resources


    MATLAB
    Piano-X

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Delivery
    Theory
    M. Sivapragasam
    Dr. H. K. Narahari
    Practice
    Mr. M. Sivapragasam

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    References

    a. Essential Reading
    1. Class Notes
    2. M.V. Cook. Flight Dynamics Principles, 2nd Edition, 2007, Elsevier
    3. J.B. Russel, Performance and Stability of Aircraft,2003, Butterworth
    b.

    Recommended Reading:
    1. Ashish Tewari. (2007) Atmospheric and Space Flight DynamicsModeling and Simulation
    with MATLAB and Simulink, 2007, Birkhauser
    2. Ilan Kroo Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis, 2011
    3. John D. Anderson. (1999) Aircraft Performance and Design, McGraw-Hill
    4. Nelson, R.C. (1998) Flight Stability and Automatic Control, 2nd Edition,
    McGraw Hill
    5. AIAA Aerospace Design Engineers Guide, 2003, 5th Edition

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Delivery Schedule (Theory)


    Sessi
    on
    No.

    Date

    1
    01-062015
    2

    Time

    Day

    09:30
    AM
    -1:00
    PM

    Monday

    Topic

    Aircraft Steady and Level Flight-1

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    Aircraft Steady and Level Flight-2

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    02-062015

    09:30
    AM
    -1:00
    PM

    Tuesday

    03-062015

    09:30
    AM
    -1:00
    PM

    Wednesd Aircraft Accelerated Flight-1


    ay

    04-062015

    09:30
    AM
    -1:00
    PM

    Thursday Aircraft Accelerated Flight-2

    05-062015

    09:30
    AM
    -1:00
    PM

    08-062015

    09:30
    AM
    -1:00

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    Delivered By

    Additio
    nal
    Activity

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    M.
    Sivapragasam
    Friday
    Aircraft
    Control

    Monday

    Equilibrium, Stability and M.


    Sivapragasam

    Aircraft Longitudinal Static Stability

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    14

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Delivery Schedule


    Sessi
    Date
    Time
    Day
    Topic
    (Laboratory)
    on

    Delivered By

    No.
    1

    01-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    Monday

    Performance calculations using


    MATLAB

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    02-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    Tuesday

    Performance calculations using


    MATLAB

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    03-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    Wednesd
    Performance calculations using
    ay
    MATLAB

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    04-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    Thursday

    05-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    Friday

    08-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    09-062015

    2:00 PM
    -5:30
    PM

    10-062:00 PM
    2015
    aculty of Engineering & Technology
    -5:30
    8

    Monday
    Tuesday

    Performance calculations using


    MATLAB

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    Performance calculations using


    MATLAB

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    Performance calculations using PianoX

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    Performance calculations using PianoX

    M.
    Sivapragasam

    Additio
    nal
    Activity

    Wednesd
    15
    Static
    stability
    calculations
    using
    M.
    ay
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Theory Sessions

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

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    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 1
    Aircraft Steady and Level Flight 1
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Explain the absolute and functional performance of an aircraft
    List the crucial aircraft and propulsion parameters influencing
    the performance characteristics of an aircraft
    Show the forces acting on an aircraft in steady level flight and
    derive the equations of motion
    Calculate the thrust required and available for steady level
    flight for jet aircraft
    Calculate the power required and available for steady level
    flight for propeller-driven aircraft
    Assess the importance of maximum velocity on aircraft design

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    17
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 2
    Aircraft Steady and Level Flight 2
    At the end of the session, students will be able to :

    Differentiate range and endurance


    Calculate the range and endurance of a propeller-driven aircraft
    Calculate the range and endurance of a jet aircraft
    Apply the Breguet equations for propeller-driven and jet aircraft
    Identify the parameters to maximise range and endurance for
    propeller-driven and jet aircraft
    Describe the propulsion, aerodynamics and structural aspects in
    maximising range and endurance

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    18
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 3
    Aircraft Accelerated Flight 1
    At the end of the session, the students will be able to :

    Discuss the G-force and its types in relation to aircraft


    performance
    Calculate the level turn performance of an aircraft
    Explain the effect of load factor on aircraft turn performance
    Calculate the pull-up and pull-down performance of an aircraft
    Construct the V-n diagram and explain its importance in aircraft
    performance and design

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    19
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 4
    Aircraft Accelerated Flight 2
    At the end of the session, the students will be able
    to :
    Differentiate take off and landing requirements of different
    types of aircraft
    Calculate the take off performance of an aircraft
    Explain balanced field length requirements for aircraft take off
    Calculate the landing performance of an aircraft
    Calculate the climb performance of an aircraft

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    20
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 5
    Aircraft Equilibrium, Stability and
    Control

    At the end of the session, the students will be able


    to :

    Distinguish equilibrium and stability of an aircraft


    Explain the six degrees of freedom of an aircraft in flight
    Describe the conditions for static stability of an aircraft
    Explain the necessity of trimming an aircraft for stability
    Estimate the stability characteristics of an aircraft
    Derive the relationship between neutral point and static
    margin

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    21
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 6
    Aircraft Longitudinal Static Stability
    At the end of this session the students will be able to :
    Classify the various aircraft control surfaces
    Differentiate handling qualities of conventional and fly-by-wire
    aircraft
    Categorise the forces and moments acting on an aircraft
    Derive the conditions for longitudinal static stability of an
    aircraft
    Estimate the hinge moment coefficient
    Analyse the longitudinal static stability of an aircraft with
    canard configuration
    Analyse the longitudinal static stability of tailless aircraft

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    22
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session 7
    Aircraft Lateral Static Stability
    At the end of this session the students will be able to :

    Differentiate two types of lateral motion of an aircraft


    Derive the conditions for yaw stability of an aircraft
    Estimate the hinge moment coefficient of rudder
    Explain the requirements of rudder sizing
    Derive the conditions for roll stability of an aircraft
    Describe the effects of yaw-roll coupling
    Explain directional stability of an aircraft

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    23
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session 8
    Aircraft Manoeuvrability
    At the end of this session the students will be able to :

    Define manoeuvrability of an aircraft


    Explain the handling characteristics of an aircraft
    Estimate control surface effectiveness
    Estimate hinge moments
    Estimate stick forces
    Describe control reversal

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    24
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session 9
    Aircraft Flight Dynamics 1
    At the end of this session the students will be able to :
    Describe the axes and notation for the analysis of dynamic
    stability of an aircraft
    Derive the generalised set of equations of motion for a rigid
    aircraft
    Construct the linearised form of equations of motion

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    25
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session 10
    Aircraft Flight Dynamics 2
    At the end of this session the students will be able to :
    Derive the three degree of freedom equations of motion for
    an aircraft
    Construct the linearised form of equations of motion
    Formulate the equations of motion in state space form

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    26
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Laboratory Sessions

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    27
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 1
    Performance calculations using
    MATLAB

    At the end of this session, students will be able to :

    Calculate the thrust required of a jet aircraft using MATLAB


    Calculate the thrust available in a jet aircraft using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    28
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 2
    Performance calculations using
    MATLAB

    At the end of this session, students will be able to :

    Calculate the power required of a propeller-driven aircraft


    using MATLAB
    Calculate the power available in a propeller-driven aircraft
    using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    29
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 3
    Performance calculations using
    MATLAB

    At the end of this session, students will be able to :

    Calculate the turn performance characteristics of an aircraft


    using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    30
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 4
    Performance calculations using
    MATLAB

    At the end of this session, students will be able to :

    Calculate the pull-up and pull-down performance


    characteristics of an aircraft using MATLAB
    Calculate the climb performance characteristics of an aircraft
    using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    31
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 5
    Performance calculations using MATLAB
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Calculate the take off and landing performance characteristics
    of an aircraft using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    32
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 6
    Performance calculations using
    Piano-X
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Evaluate the detailed performance characteristics of Fokker
    70, a narrow body, twin-engined, medium-range, turbofan
    aircraft using Piano-X

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    33
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 7
    Performance calculations using
    Piano-X
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Evaluate the detailed performance characteristics of Airbus
    A380, a double-deck, wide-body and four-engined aircraft
    using Piano-X

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    34
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 8
    Static stability calculations using
    MATLAB
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Estimate the longitudinal static stability characteristics of an
    aircraft using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    35
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 9
    Static stability calculations using
    MATLAB
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Estimate the lateral static stability characteristics of an
    aircraft using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    36
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Session No. 10
    Dynamic stability calculations using
    MATLAB
    At the end of this session, students will be able to :
    Estimate the dynamic stability characteristics of an aircraft
    using MATLAB

    aculty of Engineering & Technology

    37
    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

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