NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF

FLEXIBLE WING OF HALE UAV USING

TWO-WAY FLUID STRUCTURE
INTERACTION
BUYUNG JUNAIDIN
23612002
Advisor :
Dr. Ing Mochammad Agoes Moelyadi

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

September 18th,2014

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH BACKGROUND
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
PROBLEM SCOPE

FSI SIMULATION

COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH
WING MODEL
MULTI-FILED SIMULATION
STRUCTURE
FLUID
COUPLING PROCESS

SIMULATION RESULTS

VALIDATION 1
AERODYNAMICS CHARACTERISTICS
FLOW PHYSICS
AERODYNAMIC DAMPING
STRUCTURAL RESPONSES
VALIDATION 2

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
FUTURE WORK

INTRODUCTIO
N

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTIO
N

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Low-cost alternative space missions

INTRODUCTIO
N

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

High aspect ratio wing

High aerodynamic efficiency &

Light weigh structure
Extreme altitude & long
endurance
Flexible wing

FSI Phenomenon

INTRODUCTIO
N

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To simulate fluid structure interaction on flexible HALE wing

To investigating aerodynamic characteristics of flexible HALE
wing
To predict structural behaviour of HALE wing
To study effect of wing material characteristics to the structural
response of HALE wing

PROBLEM SCOPE

INTRODUCTIO
N

Simple structure wing (solid structure without ribs and spars)

as structural wing model
The earth gravity acceleration is not applied in structural
calculation
Use two-way FSI method to simulate the flexible HALE wing
for aerodynamic characteristics and structural response

FSI
SIMULATION

COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH

Free stream

Flexible wing

Cantilever wing

Two-way FSI

WING MODEL

FSI
SIMULATION

Wing model

Wing specification
Parameter
C (m)

Design model
0.4 (root and tip inner wing)
0.4 (root outer wing), 0.25 (tip outer
wing)

y (m)

1.5 (outer wing)

Wing airfoil
(deg)

(deg)

Wing material

4.2 (inner wing)

Characteristics
Materials

E (Gpa)

Steel

0.30

200

4.2 (outer wing at 0.25C)

0.30

20

0.0 (inner wing)

0.30

0.40

0.49

EMX-07
0.0 (inner wing)

9.8 (outer wing)

(kg/m3)
7850

Youngs Modulus (E)

measure of the stiffness of an elastic material

Poissons Ratio ()
the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain

SIMULATION SETUP

FSI
SIMULATION

Coupling

FSI
SIMULATION

ANSYS SETUP

Auto-mesh

Physical Parameters
Temperature

Values
248.5 oK

Density

7850 kg/m3

Material

Steel

Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio

200E+11 N/m2
0.3

FSI
SIMULATION

CFX SETUP

ANSYS ICEM

Structured hexa type

mesh

Physical Parameters
Static Temperature

Values
248.5 oK

Static Pressure

46562 N/m2

Density

0.653 kg/m3

Free stream velocity

17.88 m/s

Time step

0.025 s

Total time

60 s

Turbulence model

SST

Farfield

Wall
Inlet

Symmetry

Outlet

COUPLING PROCESS

FSI
SIMULATION

Strong coupling of Two-way FSI

FSI
SIMULATION

MULTI-FIELD SIMULATION

Results

Structural

Coupling
Process

Fluid

SIMULATION RESULTS
VALIDATION 1
Grid Independence study plots

Grid Independence study

CL vs Numbe r of Ele me nt

Number of
element

CL

(%)

CD

(%)

0.15
0.12
0.09
Lift Coefficient 0.06

442722
525431
625567
723663
905475

0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11

0.03

0.010
-6.3
-5.7
-3.1
-2.9

0.008
0.006
0.005
0.005

-20.4

0
200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of Element

-25.0
-10.8
-13.2

CD vs Number of Element
0.03
0.02
0.02
Drag Coefficient 0.01

0.01
0
200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of Element

SIMULATION RESULTS
AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
CL vs Displacement
12.09
10.09

CL vs Displacement
0.12

Downward
motion

0.12

8.09
Steady
Unsteady

6.09

Lift Coefficient

4.09

min

middle

Displacement

max

min

-1

0.09
0

middle

Displacement

CD vs Displacement

0.02

10

0.02
Steady
Unsteady

6
4

min

middle

0
0

D(E=2,v=0.49)

max

Steel(E=200,v=0.3)

-1

C(E=2,v=0.4)

CD vs Displacement

12

B(E=2,v=0.3)

0.1
0.1

0.09
0

Drag Coefficient

A(E=20,v=0.3)

0.11

Lift Coefficient

2.09
-1

Steel(E=200,v=0.3)

0.11

0.02
Dragt Coefficient

A(E=20,v=0.3)
B(E=2,v=0.3)

0.02

C(E=2,v=0.4)
D(E=2,v=0.49)

0.02
Downward
motion
1

Displacement

max

max

-1

0.01
0

middle

Displacement

max

SIMULATION RESULTS
FLOW PHYSICS
Upward motion
upward
downwash

LE, 0.7y
downwash
free stream

SIMULATION RESULTS
FLOW PHYSICS
Downward motion
downward
upwash

LE, 0.7y

free stream

Upwash
+

SIMULATION RESULTS
FLOW PHYSICS

t=25s

t=25s, 0.7y

SIMULATION RESULTS
AERODYNAMIC DAMPING

motion

energy transferred
from structure to the
fluid

Fluid
energy dissipated by
fluid

Structure

SIMULATION RESULTS
AERODYNAMIC DAMPING
FSI simulation

Structural simulation

t=10s

t=10s

Aerodynamic damping ratio

Materials

Steel (E=200,=0.3)

0.013

A (E=20,=0.3)

0.026

B (E=2,=0.3)

0.075

C (E=2,=0.4)

0.073

D (E=2,=0.49)

0.072

d logarithmic decrement
x0 amplitude of the first cycle
xn amplitude of the nth cycle
damping ratio

SIMULATION RESULTS
STRUCTURAL RESPONSES
Structural results
Materials
Structural

Steel

(E=200,=0.3)

(E=20,=0.3)

(E=2,=0.3)

(E=2,=0.4)

(E=2,=0.49)

max (m)

0.005

0.047

0.426

0.423

0.419

max(GPa)

2.41

2.36

2.15

2.23

2.42

fd (Hz)

1.0

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.1

responses

SIMULATION RESULTS
VALIDATION 2
Assuming the wing as a cantilever beam, maximum displacement of
the beam is calculated using energy method (Castiglianos theorem)
Results comparison for z-displacement
ANSYS

Analytical

Materials

simulation (m)

solution (m)

(%)

Steel (E=200,=0.3)

2.373e-03

2.295e-03

3.4

A (E=20,=0.3)

2.430e-02

2.295e-02

5.8

B (E=2,=0.3)

2.408e-01

2.295e-01

4. 9

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSIO
N

Simulations of flexible HALE wing using two-way FSI have been done with
simplify the simulation

Unsteady simulation results shows that:

o Lift coefficient increases and drag coefficient decreases with decreasing of
Youngs modulus during downward motion and vice versa.
o Lift coefficient increases and drag coefficient decreases with increasing of
Poissons ratio during downward motion and vice versa.
o Effect of variation of Poissons ratio to the increment and decrement of lift
coefficient and drag coefficient is not as much as Youngs modulus effect.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSIO
N

Simulation results show that damping is only produce by fluid, aerodynamic

damping. Decreasing in Youngs modulus and/or Poissons ratio makes
increment of damping ratio

Structure results shows that:

o Decreasing of Youngs modulus makes decrement of stresses and
frequencies and increment of deformation
o Increasing of Poissons ratio makes increment of stresses and decrement
of deformation. Poissons ratio gives not significant influence to the
frequency.

CONCLUSION
FUTURE WORK

Develop wing model which representing the real wing and applying
the composite material

Simulate fluid structure interaction for whole part of HALE UAV

Simulate fluid structure interaction of HALE UAV with adding the

propellers effect

Investigate the effect of propellers on aerodynamic characteristics

and structural behaviour

Thank
you

ENERGY METHOD

Example:

COUPLING SYSTEM
STRRONG COUPLING

WEAK COUPLING

FLUID
STRUCTURE

MATRIX COUPLING

Weak Coupling & Strong Coupling