AVIATION HISTORY

Lecture 3: Basic Aircraft

By: Zuliana Ismail

Types of airplane and their

uses
Commercial airplane
Scheduled and charter airline flights,

carrying both passengers and cargo.

The larger passenger-carrying types
are often referred to as airliners
Some of the smaller types are also
used in general aviation

Passenger/ Cargo Aircraft

Airbus A380

Types of airplane and their

uses
Military
Fighters and bombers (shooting, combat)
Search and rescue, reconnaissance

(spying), observation transport, and

tanker aircraft among others.

Fighter Aircraft

Military airplane

Refueling an airplane in
mid-air

Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber

Black Widow
Worlds Smallest Spy Aircraft

Types of airplane and their

uses

General and Private

General- Business jets , trainers,
aerobatic types, racers, gliders,
firefighters, medical transports, and
cargo transports.
Private- Light passenger, business, or
recreational types.
Used for a wide range of commercial
tasks, such as flight training, policing,
crop spraying, and medical evacuations.

Private Aircraft

Tiltrotor planes

Crop Spraying

Medical Evacuations

Types of airplane and their

uses
Experimental aircraft
Built and used to explore some
aspect of aircraft design.
The Bell X-1 rocket plane, which first
broke the sound barrier (travel more
than speed of sound-supersonic) in
level flight, is a famous example.

X-15

Major Parts of Airplane

EMPENNA
GE

FUSELAGE
WING

ENGINE

Parts of an Airplane
Fuselage:
Basic structure of the airplane to which
wings, empennage and landing gear are
attached.
It is designed to hold passengers, crews &
cargo.
Empennage (tail):
Consists of vertical stabilizer & horizontal
stabilizer.
It provides the greatest stabilizing influence of
all the components of an airplane.

Parts of an Airplane
Engine:
Provides the thrust necessary for powered flight.
The types of engine depends on the mission
requirements of the airplane.
Wing
The wing is an airfoil attached to the fuselage
and is designed to produce lift.
It may contain fuel cells, engine nacelles and
landing gear.
Airplane control surfaces (aileron, flaps, slat and
spoiler) also attached on it.

Wing
High Wing: Wing

on top (very
stable)
Mid Wing: Wing in
middle (acrobatic)
Low Wing: Wing on
bottom (less drag)

Parts of an Airplane
Landing gear :
The landing gear can be fixed in place or retractable.
Many small airplanes have fixed landing gear which

increases drag, but keeps the airplane lightweight.

Larger, faster and more complex aircraft have
retractable landing gear that can reduced weight.
Most planes today use what is called a tricycle
landing gear arrangement.
This system has two large main gear units located
near the middle of the plane and a single smaller
nose gear unit near the nose of the aircraft.

Parts of an Airplane
Cockpit/ Flight Deck
Front part of the fuselage and contains all the
instruments needed to fly the plane.
The cockpits have hardened doors, securing them from
unauthorized persons during flight, takeoffs and landings.
Cabin
Section of the fuselage for passengers, cargo, or both. A
typical passenger cabin has galleys for food preparation;
lavatories; one or more seating compartments & etc
Cargo
Below the passenger deck where cargo and baggage are
carried.

Boeing 747

Elevator
Rudder

Aileron

Flaps

Rudder

Primary Control Surfaces

Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wing

tips.
Provide roll control- Roll the aircraft to the
right or left.
Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tail
Provide pitch control-Nosing the aircraft up
and down.
Rudder: vertical surface located on the tail
Provide yaw control- turning the aircraft to
the left or right.

Additional Control Surfaces

Flaps:
A movable control surface on the aircraft
wing, used to change the amount of lift
generated.
Flaps deflect downward during take-off &
landing to increase lift.
Flaps retracted immediately after landing to
decrease lift.
Slats:
A movable control surface on the aircraft
wing, also used to change the amount of lift
generated.
Slats enable the airplane to get off the
ground quickly and to land more slowly.

Additional Control Surfaces

Spoilers:
Located on the upper wing which, when
opened, decreases lift and increases
drag.
They reduce lift by disrupting the
airflow over the top of the wing.
They are used during the descend prior
to landing and immediately after
landing.
Spoiler

Basic Aircraft

4 Forces acted on an
airplane

4 Forces acted on airplane

1. Thrust
The force that moves the aircraft
through the air.
Generate by the engine
2. Lift
This force is generated by the flow of
air around the airplane especially to
the wing.
Amount of lift generated depends on
airspeed, angle of attack, airfoil shape,
wing area.

Lift Equation

=density, V=velocity, S = wing area,

Cl=coefficient of lift (vary wit h AoA).

In designing an aircraft wing, it is better to
get the higher coefficient of lift.
Coefficient of lift is vary with angle of
attack.
Thats why by changing the angle of attack,
the amount of generated lift can be
adjusted.

Forces acted on Aircraft

3. Drag
Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft feels as

4.

it moves through the air.

Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce
drag.
Drag important during landing in order to slow
down the aircraft.
Weight
Weight is the earths gravity pulls down on objects
and gives them weight.
It includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the
fuel.

Airplane can fly because.

1. Four forces acted on the plane
2. Thrust generated by the engine
3. Lift force produced by airflow to the

Wing.
Boeing 747

Thrust

Lift

4. Drag is air resistance

5. Weight is gravitational pull

How airplane flies?

There are actually four forces (thrust, lift,

drag and weight) acting on airplane.

When taking off, the plane is moving at
high speed on the runway due to the thrust
generated by the engine.
As engines are attached to the wing of an
airplane, its thrust will be applied to the
airplane.
The airflows pass over the wings generate a
lift force.
To allow the airplane take-off, Lift force must
greater than the planes weight and thrust
force must greater than the drag force .

How Lift is Created

As airplanes fly, air is pushed above and

below their wings.

Due to the shape of the airfoil which is
the top surface more curve than the
below, makes the airflow travel faster
over the top of the wing
Lift and slower
below the wing.

Faster Airflow

Slower Airflow

How airplane flies?

According to the Bernoullis principles ,an

increase in velocity leads to a decrease in

pressure.
So that, the air pressure below the wing is higher
meanwhile the air pressure above the wing is
lower.
This difference in pressure pushes the wings up.
And as both wings are attached on the fuselage,
the whole airplane body also goes up.
If enough lift is created or lift is greater than the
planes weight, the plane naturally lift into the
air.

Airfoil Section
Airfoil is the cross section of the wing that
produces lift or any aerodynamic effect as it
passes through the air.
Leading Edge: Front edge of wing
Trailing Edge: Back edge of wing
Camber: Center line between top and bottom
of wing
Chord Line: Line connecting leading edge and
trailing edge

Angle of Attack (AoA)

Relative wind: direction of the airstream

in relation to airfoil.

Angle of Attack (AoA): Angle

between the chord line and the relative

wind

Angle of Attack (AoA)

The angle of attack (AoA) is related to

the amount of lift.

AoA
, Lift
It changes during a flight as the pilot
changes the direction of the airplane.
Too high an AoA (exceed the critical
value) can cause the airplane stalls.
Stall means airplane loss of LIFT force,
thus the airplane may goes down.

Stall: Loss of lift caused by the breakdown

of airflow over the wing the Angle of
Attack (AoA) passes a critical point.

Airplane Stability and Control

Airplane can be controlled by their three axes, roll axis, pitch

axis and yaw axis. As an airplane moves through the air, their
three axes system also moves.
This movement can be described by the movement of its center of
gravity.

3 Main Control Surfaces

The main control surfaces for an

airplane are the ailerons (for roll),

elevators(for pitch) and
rudder(for yaw).
Pilot control the movement of the
airplane using the control sticks/
yokes and rudder pedals inside the
cockpit.

control yokes

Ailerons
Ailerons are used to roll or rotate the

aircraft
When the pilot moves the control stick
to the right the right aileron moves up
and the left aileron moves down.
This causes more lift on the left wing
and less lift on the right wing.
The difference in forces causes the
aircraft to roll to the right.

Ailerons
When the pilot moves the control stick to the

left the left aileron moves up and the right

aileron moves down.
This causes more lift on the right wing and
less lift on the left wing.
The difference in forces causes the aircraft to
roll to the left.

Elevator
Elevators are used to pitch the aircraft up

or down causing it to climb or dive

To climb, the pilot pulls the control stick
back causing the elevators to deflected up.
This in turn causes the airflow to force the
tail down and the nose up.
To dive, the pilot pushes the control stick
forward causing elevator to deflect down.
This in turn causes the airflow to lift the
tail up and nose down.

Rudder
The rudder turns the aircraft right or left.
On the vertical tail, the rudder moves from side

to side, pushing the tail in a left or right

direction.
To turn right, the pilot steps on the right rudder
pedals. This causes rudder tilt to the right .
When rudder tilts to the right , more lift is
created on the right, which pushes the vertical
stabilizer to the left.
This in turn causes the airplane nose turn right.