Stage 1 (1rst day)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Male pronucleus
Female pronucleus
Doubled paternal centrosome
"Inner bodies"

Stage 2 (2nd 3rd day)

1. Zona pellucida
2. Blastomere
3. Polar body

The axis (dashed) lies through the

two future (embryonic and
abembryonic) poles. The embryo is
divided into right and left halves (A
and B).

Stage 3a (4th day)

1.
Embryoblast
2. Zona
pellucida

3. Trophoblast
4. Blastocyst
cavity

Stage 3b (5th day)

1. Decomposed zona
pellucida with
hatching blastocyst
2. Trophoblast cells
3. Hypoblast

4. Blastocyst
cavity
5. Epiblast

Stage 4 (6th day)

1. Epithelium of the
uterine mucosa
2. Hypoblast
3. Syncytiotrophoblast

4.
Cytotrophoblast
5. Epiblast

Stage 5a (7th 8th day)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Hypoblast
Epiblast

5 Blastocyst cavity
6 Amniotic cavity
7 Maternal blood
vessels

Stage 5b (9th day)

1 Lacunar trophoblast
2 Definitive amniotic
cavity

3 Primary yolk sac

4 Maternal blood
vessels

Stage 5c (11th 13th day)

1 Extraembryonic
2 mesoblast
3 Amniotic cavity
Primary yolk sac
(= primary umbilical
vesicle)

1 Extraembryonic
2 mesoblast
3 Chorion cavity
Secundary yolk sac(=
secundary umbilical
vesicle)

Stage 6 (17th day)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
N
B

Primitive groove
Primitive pit
Primitive node
Oropharyngeal membrane
Cardial plate
Cut edge of amniotic membrane
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Future cloacal membrane
1+2+3 = primitive streak

Stage 7 (19th day;dorsal

view)

1Yolk sac
Primitive streak
2Primitive node
Embryonic disk
3
4

Stage 8 (23th day)

1 Body stalk
2 Primitive streak
3 Embryonic disk
4 Cut edge of the amnion

Stage 9 (25th day)

1 Primitive streak and

primitive
2 groove
3 Neural folds
Cut edge of the
amnion

4 Neural groove
5 Somites

Stage 10a, 10b (28th day)

1 Cut edge of the amnion

2a Neural groove
3 Neural folds
4 Somites

2bNeural tube
2c Caudal neuropore
2dRostral neuropore
5 Yolk sac

Stage 11 (29th day)

1. Neural tube
4. Somites
2. Caudal neuropore
5. 2. pharyngeal arch
3. Rostral neuropore that is just6. 1. pharyngeal arch
closing

Stage 12 (30th day)

1a. Maxillar process

1b. Mandibular process
2. Second pharyngeal
arch
3. Third pharyngeal
arch
4. Somites
5. Neural tube

P : Prosencephalon
(forebrain)
M : Mesencephalon
(midbrain)
R : Rhombencephalon

Stage 13 (32th daya)

1a.Maxillary process
1b.Mandibular process
2. Second pharyngeal arch
3. Third pharyngeal arch
4. Fourth pharyngeal arch
5. Somites
6. Buds of the upper extremities
7. Left cardiac ventricle
8. Left cardiac atrium
9. Body stalk
10.Embryonic tail

Stage 14 (33th day)

1.Telencephalon
2.Mesencephalon
3.Myelencephalon
4.Ocular primordium
5.Fourth ventricle
6.Cervical sinus
7.Mesonephric cord
8.Bud of the upper extremity
9.Bud of the lower extremity

Stage 15 (36th day)

1.Umbilical cord
2.Cardiac prominence
3.Nasal placode
4.Ocular primordium
5.Bud of the upper extremity
6.Bud of the lower extremity

Stage 16 (39th day)

1.Umbilical cord
2.Nasal pit
3.Nasolacrimal groove
4.Ocular primordium
5.Flexura pontina
6.Flexura cervicalis
7.Auditory primordium
8.Cardiac prominence
9.Hand plate
10.Foot plate

M : Telencephalon
C
: Diencephalon
BM : Mesencephalon
A
: Metencephalon
B
: Myelencephalon
Hj : Spinal cord

Stage 17 (41th day)

1.Umbilical cord with physiologic

umbilical hernia
2.Nasal pit
3.Pigmented lens placode
4.External acoustic meatus
5.Auricular hillocks
6.Formation of the interdigital zones

Stage 18 (44th day)

1.Cardiac prominence
2.Nasolacrimal groove
3.External acoustic meatus
4.Hand plate with visible finger
radiations
5.Footplate with toe primordium
6.Primordium of the palpebra

Stage 19 (46th day)

1.Liver prominence
2.Primordium of the eyelid
3.Eye
4.External acoustic meatus
5.Shoulder
6.Finger
7.Toes that are forming
8.Straightening of the trunk

Stage 20 (49th day)

1.Liver prominence
2.Primordium of the eyelid
3.Eye
4.Auditory canal
5.Elbow
6.Fingers
7.Toes being formed
8.Straightening of the trunk
9.Subcutaneous vessel network
of the head
10.Cervical flexure

Stage 21 (51th day)

1.Umbilical cord with physiologic

hernia
2.Nose
3.Subcutaneous vessel network
of the head
4.Ear
5.Elbow
6.Pronation of the hands (pink
arrow)
7.Knee

Stage 22 (53th day)

1.Umbilical cord with physiologic

hernia
2.Nose
3.Subcutaneous vessel network
of the head
4.Ear
5.Elbow
6.Pronation of the hands
7.Knee
8.Supination of the feet
9.Well-developed toes

Stage 23 (56th day)

1.Umbilcal cord with hernia

2.Nose
3.Eye
4.Eyelid
5.Ear (a: tragus, b: antitragus )
6.Mouth
7.Elbow
8.Finger
9.Toes
10.Atrophied embryonic tail bud

M : Telencephalon
C
: Diencephalon
BM : Mesencephalon
A
: Metencephalon
B
: Myelencephalon
Hj : Spinal cord

Teratology:
medications,
chromosomal
abnormalities,
environmental
factors,
infection.

Nondisjunction occurs
when
chromosomes segregate in
anaphase
before the kinetochore of
each sister
chromatid has attached to
microtubules (red lines)
from the
opposite spindle poles. As a
result,
one daughter cell contains
two copies
of one chromosome, while
the other
daughter cell lacks that
chromosome.

Down syndrome - trisomy 21

Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects

The placenta (Gk. plakuos= flat cake) is a mateno-fetal organ

which begins
developing at implantation of the blastocyst and is delivered
with the fetus at birth.
Placental Metabolism: synthesizes glycogen,
cholesterol, fatty acids, provides
nutrient and energy.
Placental Transport: oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide
water, glucose, vitamins, hormones, mainly steroid not
protein, electrolytes, maternal
antibodies, waste products, urea, uric acid, bilirubin, drugs
and their metabolites
(fetal drug addiction), infectious agents (cytomegalovirus,
rubella, measles,
microorganisms).
Placental Endocrine: Human chorionic gonadotrophin
(hCG, like leutenizing
hormone, supports corpus luteum), Human chorionic
somatommotropin (hCS, or placental lactogen, stimulate
mammary development), Human chorionic thyrotropin

Critical Periods of Human Development