ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS

OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Ms. TRAN Van Ty
Jun 2015

LESSON 2
CHEMISTRY AND ITS BRANCHES
Chemistry is the science of substances - of their structure, their properties, and the reactions that
change them into other substances.
The study of chemistry may be divided into the following branches:
- General chemistry, which is an introduction to the entire science.
- Qualitative analysis, giving the methods of testing for the presence of chemical substances.
- Quantitative analysis, giving the methods of accurate determination of the amounts of different
substances present in a sample of material.
- Inorganic chemistry, which is the chemistry of elements other than carbon, and their compounds.
- Organic chemistry, which is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon.
- Physical chemistry, which studies the quantitative relations among the properties of substances
and their reactions.
- Biochemistry, which is the chemistry of the substances comprising living organisms.
- Structural chemistry, which deals with the molecular structure and its relation to the properties of
substances.
- Radiochemistry, which is the chemistry of radioactive elements and of reactions involving the
nuclei of atoms.
- Industrial chemistry, which is concerned with industrial processes.
Although chemistry is a very large and complex subject, which still continues to grow as new
elements are discovered or made, new compounds are synthesized, and new principles are
formulated.
The chemists or chemical engineers need to have some knowledge of all its branches, even if he may
be specialized in a particular line.
Chemistry science cannot do without physics and mathematics, and is also closely linked to some
other sciences, e.g. inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy,
while organic chemistry is linked to biology in general.

LESSON 2 EXERCISES
Answer the following questions
1. Give the definition of chemistry.
2. Which are the main branches of chemistry?
3. What is the difference between qualitative and
quantitative analysis?
4. What is the difference between inorganic and organic
chemistry?
5. What does physical chemistry study?
6. What does structural chemistry deal with?
7. What is radiochemistry?
8. Which branches of chemistry are you interested in?
9. Is it necessary for you to have some knowledge of all
branches of chemistry?
10. Can chemistry as a science do without physics and
mathematics?

LESSON 2 EXERCISES
Translate into English
1. Ha hc l khoa hc v vt cht
ring bit.
2. Ha hc c chia thnh nhng
ngnh no?
3. Ton hc l khoa hc v s, cn vt l
nghin cu nh sng v nhit.
4. Ha hc cng nghip quan tm n
g?

LESSON 2 - EXERCISES
Translate into English
1. Ha hc l khoa hc v vt cht ring bit.
Chemistry/ science/ substance/ particular
2. Ha hc c chia thnh nhng ngnh no?
Chemistry/ divide/ branch
3. Ton hc l khoa hc v s, cn vt l nghin
cu nh sng v nhit.
Mathematics/ science/ number/ physics/ study/
light/ heat
4. Ha hc cng nghip quan tm n g?
Industrial chemistry/ care about be interested
in deal with

LESSON 2 EXERCISES
Translate into English
1. Ha hc l khoa hc v vt cht ring bit.
Chemistry/ science/ substance/ particular
Chemistry is the science of particular substances.
2. Ha hc c chia thnh nhng ngnh no?
Chemistry/ divide/ branch
.
Which branches is chemistry divided into?
.
What are the main branches of chemistry?
3. Ton hc l khoa hc v s, cn vt l nghin cu nh sng v
nhit.
Mathematics/ science/ number/ physics/ study/ light/ heat
Mathematics is the science of number while physics
studies heat and light
4. Ha hc cng nghip quan tm n g?
Industrial chemistry/ care about be interested in deal with
What does industrial chemistry care about/ deal with?
What is industrial chemistry interested in?

LESSON 2 Laboratory
equipments
Glasswar
e

Bottle

Test tube

Flask

Cylinder
Measuring
cylinder
Graduated
cylinder

Beaker
Funnel
Erlenmeye
r flask

Separatory funnel

LESSON 2 - Laboratory
equipments
Porcelain
Mortal

Stirrer

Pestle

Crucible

Balance (n, v)
Analytical
balance

Oven

LESSON 2 - Laboratory
equipments
Mixture
1
5

Filtrate
Filter paper

Funnel
4

residue

LESSON 2 Text 2
Text 2: CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Different materials may be distinguished by their properties, the most obvious of which is the
physical state, or state of aggregation, on the basis of which all materials are classified as
solids, liquids, and gases.
The characteristic feature of gas is that its molecules are not held together, but move about
freely. Because of this freedom of molecular motion a gas does not possess either definite
shape or definite size, it shapes itself to its container. A liquid, on the other hand, has a definite
volume, but does not have a definite shape. Only a solid is characterized both by a definite
shape and definite size. By the word substance a chemist means an essentially pure substance.
Actually, all substances are more or less impure. When referring to very impure substances,
solutions, and mixtures, the word material should be used instead.
All substances can be divided into two classes: elementary substances and compounds. An
elementary substance is a substance, which consists of atoms of only one kind, a compound is
a substance which consists of atoms of two or more different kinds. These atoms of two or more
different kinds must be present in a definite numerical ratio since substances are defined as
having a definite invariant composition. Thus an elementary substance is composed of two or
more elements. To avoid confusion, it is necessary for us to state exactly what a particular kind
or atom in the above definition of an element means. By this expression we mean an atom
whose nucleus has a given electrical charge. All nuclei have positive electrical charges which
are equal to or integral multiples of the charges of the electron/ with an opposite sign./The
integer which expresses this relation is called the atomic number.
The word mixture is used to refer to a homogeneous material/ exhibiting a uniform structure/,
which is not a pure substance, or to a heterogeneous aggregate of two or more substances. The
ingredients of a mixture are called its component. Sometimes a mixture consisting mainly of
one component, with much smaller amounts of others, is called an impure substance. The
components present in the smaller amounts are called impurities.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
Adjectives
One syllable
Three or more syllables
Two syllables

Comparative
forms
-er
more/less

Superlative
forms
-est
most/least

more/less

most/least

Participle adj
pleased, worried, boring
Adj ending in ful and less
careful, careless
afraid, alike, alert,
ashamed, alone, aware
caution, certain, complex,
confident, eager, exact,
normal, frequent, modern,
recent

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
Adjectives
Two syllables

Comparative
forms

Superlative
forms

-er or more/less

-est or
most/least

Other adj
Adj has a comparative or
superlative meaning
Complete, equal,
favourite, ideal, unique

NO

NO

To say that as one thing changes, another thing also

changes
Cng th cng
The er/more/less + adj + S + V, the er/more/less + adj +
S+V
The better the joke (is), the louder the laugh (is).
The longer Sue stays in Canada, the less likely she will ever

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
ENOUGH
Enough + NOUN
Ex. Is there enough bread?
Do you have enough money?
ADJ + enough
Ex. The house was comfortable enough but not luxurious.
We are not in a strong enough financial position to cut
taxes.
ADJ + NOUN
I havent got big enough nails for the job.
I havent got enough big nails for the job.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
TOO + ADJ + TO
qu .
The beams are too weak to support the roof.
She was too ashamed to admit her mistake.
If we need to mention the things or people involved, we do
this with for.
The garage was just about big enough for two cars to fit in.
The suitcase was too small (for him) to get all his clothes
in.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Exercises
Complete the sentences with an appropriate comparative
or superlative form of the given adjective.
1.I feel much (relaxed) now that the exams are over.
2.Our new car is a little (wide) than our old one, but still fits
easily into the garage.
3.Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people
now consider her to be the (forceful) figure in British politics.
4.Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the (common) cause of
death among sea birds.
5.Its has been the (hot) day in London for 35 years.
6.The alkenes are (chemically reactive) than the alkanes.
7. The (soon) you start studying for your English examination,
the (good) for you.
8. The (efficient) machines we have, the (few) workers are
required.