AC Machines Fundamentals

Introduction
Synchronous machines: Motors and generators
whose magnetic field is supplied by a separate dc power
supply.

Induction machines: Motors and generators

whose magnetic field is supplied by magnetic induction
transformer action.

Voltage Induced in a simple

Rotating Loop
c

b
Vab

cd

r
S

N
d

Vcd

ein (v B ).l vBl sin

+

eab vBl sin ab

ab

ab

ebc eda 0
ecd vBl sin cd
ein 2vBL sin max sin t

r
F

Induce Torque in current

Carrying Loop
c

F d
l

F i (l B) ilB
a

Bloop

ab ( F )(r sin ab ) rilB sin ab

bc da 0
cd ( F )(r sin cd ) rilB sin cd

ind 2rilB sin

cd

BS

ab

ind kBloop Bs

Rotating Magnetic Field

If three set of currents each of equal
magnitude and differing in phase by 120 flow
in 3 phase winding, then it will produce a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude.
Apply three set of currents to the stator
will produce magnetic field intensity H
and magnetic flux B as follows:

c
Bbb

Baa ' BM sin t0 T

Baa

Bbb ' BM sin(t 120)120 T

Bcc ' BM sin(t 240)240 T
Bnet 1.5 BM 90

Resulting net
magnetic field

Bcc

Bnet

t 0

The relation between the Electrical

Frequency and Mechanical Speed
The rotating magnetic flux in stator (Bnet or Bs) can be
represented by one North and one South pole (2 pole
machine). These magnetic poles complete one mechanical
rotation around the stator for each electrical rotation.

f e f m , e m
For 4-pole machine, the
mechanical pole move
halfway around the stator in
one electrical cycle:

e 2 m , f e 2 f m , e 2m

In general:

P
P
P
m , f e f m , e m
2
2
2
n P
120 f
f e m n/ m
120
P

MMF and flux distribution

on AC Machine
The flux in a real machine doesn't behave in a simple manner
assumed above since there is ferromagnetic rotor in the center
of machine with small air gap between rotor and stator .
The reluctance of air gap is much higher than the reluctance of either the
rotor and stator. So the flux density vector B takes the shortest possible
path across the air gap and jumps perpendicularly between the rotor and
stator.

How to produce sinusoidal voltage ? The flux

density must vary in sinusoidal manner.
The most straight foreword way to achieve a
sinusoidal variations of m.m.f along the surface
of air gap is to distribute the turns of the windings
that produce the m.m.f in closely spaced slots
and to vary the number of conductors in each slot
in sinusoidal manner.

nc N c cos

360

180

Fractional pitch winding is also

used to reduce harmonics and
get sinusoidal waves

Induced voltage in AC Machine

Airgap

c-d

The magnitude of flux density at a

point around the rotor is given by :

BM

B BM cos
The magnitude of flux
density at a point around the
stator is given by :

a-b

B BM cos(t )
ein (v B ).l
ein eba edc 2vBL cos mt cos t
For N number of coil in each slot

b
a

ein N c cos t

Induced volt in 3 phase coils

eaa '( t ) N c sin t

ebb ' (t ) N c sin(t 120)

ecc '( t ) N c sin(t 240 )
RMS voltage in three phase stator:

E A 2N cf K

Induce torque in AC Machine

ind 2rliBS sin kBR BS
ind kBR Bnet
ind kBR Bnet sin

AC Machine Power Flow

and Losses
Sync. Generator

Induction Motor