L1 JAMEEL EE407 Renewable Energy Systems

1
EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources
EE407:Renewable Electrical
Energy Resources
Lecture-1
Jameel Ahmad
Assistant Professor
jameel.ahmad@umt.edu.pk
Department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Management and Technology
Course Information
Lecture: EE407, Lectures Monday and Wednesday 2:40pm-4pm, SEN 603
Class website: www.moodle.umt.edu.pk
Class Instructor: Jameel Ahmad, Assistant Professor , Email:

jameel.ahmad@umt.edu.pk
Office Hours on office door
Grading: Home
work + Quizzes (25%), Midterm (25%) Final 50%

Exam(comprehensive)
5-7 Homework and 5-7 quizzes
Textbook(s) for the course

4
Required Textbook:
Wind Energy Explained
Theory Design and
Application
JF Manwell
Reference Books
5
1.
Renewable and
efficient power
systems by Gilbert
M Masters
2.
Renewable Energy
Resources Third ed.
John Twidell and
Tony Weir
Grading Policy
Assignments+Quizzes: 25%
Mid Term: 25%
Final Exam (Conceptual): 50%
Course Outline:
Lecture 1: Introduction to the course
Lecture 2: Renewable energy systems types, current status and future
Lecture 3: Energy in the wind, types of wind turbines and their characteristics
Lecture 4: Assessment of annual energy output of wind turbine using bins method
Lecture 5: Wind turbine aerodynamics
Lecture 6: Mathematical modeling of wind energy conversion systems
Lecture 7: Control of wind energy conversion systems
Lecture 8: Variable speed wind turbines and their grid interface
Lecture 9: Grid interconnection standards and Economics of WECS
Lecture 10: Wind diesel hybrid power systems
Lecture 11: Solar energy systems
Lecture 12: Photovoltaic cell, modules, panels and their characteristic
Lecture 13: Photovoltaic system engineering
Lecture 14: Power electronics and control of PV systems
Lecture 15: Maximum power point tracking in PV systems
Lecture 16: Energy storage technologies
Lecture 17: Introduction to solar water pumping systems
Lecture 18: Micro-hydro power
Lecture 19: Micro-hydro sizing and electromechanical system
Lecture 20: Micro-hydro power electrical system and control
Lecture 21: Ocean energy systems
Lecture 22: Wave energy conversion systems
Lecture 23-25: students project presentations - I
Lecture : students project presentations - II
Module #1: Overview of Energy

Consumption
Lecture A: The need for
Alternative Energy Sources
Lecture B: When will we run out of
oil?
Lecture C: Exponential Growth
and the Need for Energy
Conservation
Lecture D: Fundamentals of
Electricity and Electricity
Generation
Module #2: Solar Energy

Lecture A: Basics of Solar Energy
Lecture B: Solar Thermal Power and
Photovoltaic Technology
Lecture C: Solar Collection and
Energy Transport
Lecture D: Large Scale Solar Energy
Production
Module #4: Wind and Hydro

Module #3: Energy Storage and
Lecture A: Wind Energy and
Transportation
Production Line Facilities
Lecture A: Energy Storage
Lecture B: Wind Power II: Western
Facilities
Regional Potential
Lecture B: The Viability of
Lecture C: Overview of Hydroelectric
Natural Gas
Power
Lecture C: Alternative Fuels and
Lecture D: Cheap Energy vs
Transportation
Environment: The Salmon Issue
Lecture D: Electric Vehicles and
Module #5: Energy from the Earth: The Oceans, Geothermal and
Hydrogen
Biomass
Lecture A: Energy From the Oceans
Lecture B: Energy from Geothermal and Biomass: Feasible?
Lecture C: Implications and Summary
THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY

Energy can be described as the capacity to do work.
Energy can be stored within systems in various forms.
Energy can be converted from one form to another and
transferred between systems.
The total amount of energy is conserved in all
conversions and transfers.
10
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Conventional
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Unconventional (examples)
Oil Shale
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
11
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar photovoltaics
Solar thermal power
Passive solar air and water heating
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass
Ocean energy
Geothermal
Waste to Energy
12
Integration of Alternate
Energy Resources
Dr. Sammia Shahid
13
Energy is the Blood in Todays Economics

The five main forms of energy are:
Heat
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical
Two States of Energy are:
Kinetic
Potential
Availability
vs.
Utility
14
Electrical Energy is most useful. Can be converted into all the

other types of energy.
Thermal Energy is most available. Can be produced in almost

any location by burning fuels.
Chemical Energy is most easily stored. Can be converted into

thermal or electrical energy easily.
What are fossil fuels ?
15
A fuel is any substance used as a source of energy,

including heating, transport, electricity generation
and other uses.
Most of the worlds energy is provided by the

burning of fossil fuels.
Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuelsbecause

they are natural combustible substances formed
originally from dead plants and animals.
16
Oil originates from the chemical decomposition of

microorganisms that got buried under geologic
formations in the sea millions of years ago.
In some cases
the
sea
retreated, which
explains why oil
is also found on
land.
17
-Oil was a gift

from nature.
-It took millions of
years to produce
-When its gone,
its gone forever
18
An oil well isnt like a cars fuel

tank.
With a car you can drive
at full speed until the
moment you run out of
fuel.
Thats because your
tank is a hollow cavity.
The fuel fills the bottom
of the tank and theres
nothing preventing it
from being pumped out.
19
But an oil well isnt a hollow

cavity.
Its a large deposit of
stones or sandstone
sandwiched between two
layers of impervious rock.
The hollow spaces
between the stones or
sand are filled with thick
and viscous oil.
A pipe is lowered into the
mixture of oil and stones
or sand and the oil is
pumped up.
Click
It takes time for oil to ooze

from zones of high pressure to
the zone of low pressure near
the pipe.
20
In order to extract the oil from an oil

field, a large number of wells are drilled.
21
Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil
22
23
There Are No More Giant Oil Fields

Being Discovered
In spite of
advanced
exploration
technology we
are finding
smaller and
smaller oil fields
24
Were
consuming 4
barrels
The Partys Over, Richard Heinberg
for each
barrel of oil
that is being
discovered
25
Saudi saying:
My father rode
a camel.
I drive a car.
My son flies a
jet airplane.
His son will ride
a camel.
The advantage and

disadvantages of using
fossil fuel
27
Advantages
Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in

one place using coal, fairly cheaply.
Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.
Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.
A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost
anywhere
Disadvantages
28
Pollution
Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which
contributes to the "greenhouse effect", warming the Earth.
Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or
gas. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to
acid rain. We can reduce this before releasing the waste gases
into the atmosphere.
Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous.
Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.
What is Nuclear Power?

29
Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which

is a metal mined in various parts of the world. Some
military ships and submarines have nuclear power
plants for engines.
Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's
energy needs, and produces huge amounts of
energy from small amounts of fuel, without the
pollution that you'd get from burning fossil fuels
How it works
30
Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way
as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction"
inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.
The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is

generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the
nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half
and release energy in the form of heat.
Advantages
31
Nuclear power costs about the same as coal,

so it's not expensive to make.
Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so
it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
Produces huge amounts of energy from small
amounts of fuel.
Produces small amounts of waste.
32
Disadvantages
It is very, very dangerous.
It must be sealed up and buried for many
years to allow the radioactivity to die away.
It is reliable,
but a lot of money has to be spent on safety
- if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can
be a major disaster.
People are increasingly concerned about the
safety.
Energy Resources
33
Non-renewable (84%)
Renewable (16%)
Solar
Wind
Falling, flowing water
Biomass
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear power
34
35
36
37
SOLAR ENERGY
38
Direct and Diffuse solar radiation
39
Solar Technologies for Electricity

Generation
Solar Electricity Technologies

40
41
Advantages
Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel
and produces no waste or pollution.
In sunny countries, solar power can be used

where there is no easy way to get electricity to a
remote place.
Handy for low-power uses such as solar

powered garden lights and battery chargers
42
Disadvantages
Doesn't work at night.
Very expensive to build solar power stations.
Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of
electricity they'll produce in their lifetime.
Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate.
In the United Kingdom, solar power isn't much use except
for low-power applications, as you need a very large area of
solar panels to get a decent amount of power.
Low efficiency (5-15%); Very high initial costs; lack of
adequate storage materials (batteries); High cost to the
consumer
43
Tidal Power
The tide moves a huge amount of water twice
each day, and harnessing it could provide a great
deal of energy - around 20% of Britain's needs.
Although the energy supply is reliable and
plentiful, converting it into useful electrical power
is not easy. There are eight main sites around
Britain where tidal power stations could usefully
be built.
Only around 20 sites in the world have been
identified as possible tidal power stations.
44
How it works: Tidal Barrages

These work rather like a
hydro-electric scheme,
except that the dam
is much bigger.
A huge dam
(called a "barrage") is built
across a river estuary.
When the tide goes
in and out, the water
flows through tunnels
in the dam.
45
Advantages
Once you've built it, tidal power is free.
It produces no greenhouse gases or other
waste.
It needs no fuel.
It produces electricity reliably.
Not expensive to maintain.
Tides are totally predictable.
46
Disadvantages
A barrage is very expensive to build, and affects a
very wide area - the environment is changed for
many miles upstream and downstream. Many birds
rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that
they can feed. There are few suitable sites for tidal
barrages.
Only provides power for around 10 hours each day,
when the tide is actually moving in or out.
Hydro Power
47
We have used running water as an energy

source for thousands of years, mainly to
grind corn.
The first use of water to generate
electricity was in 1882 on the Fox river, in
the USA, which produced enough power to
light two paper mills and a house.
Nowadays there are many hydro-electric
power stations, providing around 20% of
the world's electricity. The name comes
from "hydro", the Greek word for water.
48
How it works
A dam is built to trap water, usually in a
valley where there is an existing lake.
Water is allowed to flow through tunnels
in the dam, to turn turbines and thus
drive generators.
Notice that the dam is much thicker at
the bottom than at the top, because the
pressure of the water increases with
depth.
49
Advantages
Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
No waste or pollution produced.
Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.
Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with
peaks in demand.
Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power
very quickly, unlike other power stations.
Electricity can be generated constantly.
No pollution; Very high efficieny (80%); little waste heat;
low cost per KWH; can adjust KWH output to peak loads
50
Disadvantages
The dams are very expensive to build.
However, many dams are also used for flood control
or irrigation, so building costs can be shared.
Building a large dam will flood a very large area
upstream, causing problems for animals that used to
live there.
Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on
residents and the environment may be unacceptable.
Water quality and quantity downstream can be
affected, which can have an impact on plant life
Geothermal
51
The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degress

Celsius - hot enough to melt rock. Even a few
kilometres down, the temperature can be over
250 degrees Celsius.
In general, the temperature rises one degree

Celsius for every 36 metres you go down.
In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to

the surface.
Geothermal energy has been used for thousands

of years in some countries for cooking and
heating.
The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek

words: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means
"heat".
52
How it works
Hot rocks underground heat water to produce
steam.
We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes
up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which
drive electric generators.
There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot
rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes
and pump water down to them.
53
Advantages
Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution,
and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
The power stations do not take up much room, so
there is not much impact on the environment.
No fuel is needed.
Once you've built a geothermal power station, the
energy is almost free.
It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this
can be taken from the energy being generated
54
Disadvantages
The big problem is that there are not many places
where you can build a geothermal power station.
You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth
where we can drill down to them.
The type of rock above is also important, it must be
of a type that we can easily drill through.
Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of
steam", perhaps for decades.
Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from
underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.
55
Wind Farm
56
Alternate
Technologies
57
Batteries
Electrical Energy Storage Devices
Battery Types
Primary
Non-Chargeable
(Disposable) Batteries
Secondary
Chargeable Batteries
Primary Disposable
Batteries
58
Leclanch Cells (zinc carbon or dry cell)
Alkaline Cells
Mercury Oxide Cells
Zinc/MnO2 Cells
Aluminum / Air Cells
Lithium Cells
Liquid cathode lithium cells
Solid cathode lithium cells
Solid electrolyte lithium cells
Lithium-Iron Cells
Magnesium-Copper Chloride Reserve Cells

59
Secondary Rechargeable
Batteries
Leadacid Cells
Zinc/MnO2 Cells (Mechanical Recharging)
Nickel/Cadmium Cells
Nickel/Metal Hydride (NiMH) Cells
Lithium Ion Cells
Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Cells
Fuel Cell
60
an electrochemical energy conversion device

To convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into
water, and in the process it produces electricity.
Battery: the other electrochemical device that we are
all familiar.
A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it
converts those chemicals into electricity too.
This means that a battery eventually "goes dead" and
you either throw it away or recharge it.
Animation of PEMFC
61
62
Types of Fuel Cells
- Space application
- Transportation applications
- high volumetric
energy
densitythe need of pure H2
- avoids
- envisaged for
stationary power
plants
63
Hydrogen Fuel-cell Car
64
Decentralized Power System
65
Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
66
67
Energy Resources
Available To Us
Indigenous Resources of Oil & Gas

Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Solar & Wind Energy
68
Primary Energy
Supplies By Source
69
Pakistan Indigenous
Natural Reserves
70
71
What has gone wrong?

Failure to build dams
resulted not a single Mw
produced in 9 years.
IPPs have been struck with
cash flow problems.
Oil prices have soared high.
Today debt runs in billions.
72
73
Mega projects are .. distant realities

Big businesses .. are no more feasible
What is available at the shelf are
micro businesses
Go micro
Go indigenous
and build people up
How to reverse the power

crisis
Alternative Sources
Wind
Wind is a source of
cheap power for speeds
above 5m/s.
Some projects of
Alternative Energy
Development Board
50Kw at Nooriabad
WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS

76
1600
150 kW
1400
225 kW
300 kW
capital costs ( $/kW )
1200
500 kW
1000
600 kW
1650 kW
800
600
400
200
0
1989
1991
1993
1995
1996
2000
capital costs include turbine, tower, grid connection, site

preparation controls and land
Advantages & Disadvantages
77
Available on large scale; supplemental power in windy areas; best

alternative for individual homeowner
Highly variable source; relatively low efficiency (30%); more power

than is needed is produced when the wind blows; efficient energy
storage is thus required
Alternative Sources
Solar
Pakistan is an ideal country

for solar power.
Pakistan Council
for Renewable Energy &
Technology has conducted
substantial R&D.
Alternative Sources
Small Hydro Electric Power
Suitable terrains are

available
where this is a desirable
option
2 head, 250gpm, Produces
2,500watts
80
Immiscible Stream Power Generator

Only 13 head,12dia propeller,
Produces 200watts
81
Garbage Power
Example: Fauji Cement
12t/hr
Community Bio-Gas Plant

50 Farm families Gas:70cum/day Power:30KW
85cum
FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS

83
40
cents / kWh
30
10
cents / kWh
60
40
10
20
0
1980
1990
2000
6
4
2
0
1980
1990
PV
80
20
Geothermal
100
Wind
2000
2010
2020
2010
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980
0
1980
2020
1990
Solar thermal
2000
2010
2020
15
Biomass
12
9
6
3
1990
2000
2010
2020
0
1980
1990
2000
all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollars

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)
2010
2020
PERSPECTIVES
84
Understanding of the scientific principles underlying renewable

resources is essential
Awareness of the role that renewables can play is important
Challenges in the integration of renewables are major
TOPICAL OUTLINE
85
Engineering aspects of alternative source generation technologies:

thermodynamics considerations;
solar resource and solar array systems;
wind resource and wind generation systems;
hydro, geothermal,
closed system fuel cells;
role of power electronic circuits in renewable technologies;
economics of various technologies;
environmental attributes CO2 emissions etc
86
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EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Lecture: EE407, Lectures Monday and Wednesday 2:40pm-4pm, SEN 603

Class website: www.moodle.umt.edu.pk

Class Instructor: Jameel Ahmad, Assistant Professor , Email:

Office Hours on office door

work + Quizzes (25%), Midterm (25%) Final 50%

5-7 Homework and 5-7 quizzes

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Textbook(s) for the course

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Module #1: Overview of Energy

Module #2: Solar Energy

Module #4: Wind and Hydro

THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Sources

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Dr. Sammia Shahid

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Energy is the Blood in Todays Economics

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Electrical Energy is most useful. Can be converted into all the

Thermal Energy is most available. Can be produced in almost

Chemical Energy is most easily stored. Can be converted into

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

What are fossil fuels ?

A fuel is any substance used as a source of energy,

Most of the worlds energy is provided by the

Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuelsbecause

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Oil originates from the chemical decomposition of

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

-Oil was a gift

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

An oil well isnt like a cars fuel

But an oil well isnt a hollow

It takes time for oil to ooze

In order to extract the oil from an oil

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

There Are No More Giant Oil Fields

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

The Partys Over, Richard Heinberg

The advantage and

Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in

Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous.

Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

What is Nuclear Power?

Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

Nuclear power costs about the same as coal,