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Tsunami
Very fast wave with a
HUGE wavelength,
triggered by a disturbance
Velocity
Landslides
Volcanic eruptions
Meteor impacts
Earthquakes
2004 Sumatra
2004 Sumatra
1,720 feet
/2
Deep
Shallow
Shallow-water waves
v gD
Example
D = 3,800 m (average depth)
v 10 m s 3,800 m
2
v 38,000 m s
2
v 195 m s 700 km h
Tsunami Waves
10 min-2 hr period
Wave length HUGE
(can be > 100 km)
700 kph speed
E proportional to H
2
Height
. . . 500 greater!
Attenuation!!
High freq
uency:
treble
Low frequency:
bass
Energy proportional to
A2 v
Velocity
Amplitude
= 9.3
275,000 dead
Waves up to 100 ft
DigitalGlobe
DigitalGlobe
DigitalGlobe
DigitalGlobe
Onagawa
Japan
>1
0,0
00
m
ile
s
4:40 a.m.
4:45 a.m.
4:50 a.m.
7:30 a.m.
Krakatoa, 1883
RI (years)
Pacific
12
Caribbean
Indian
Atlantic
15?
30?
10,000?
RI (years)
Pacific
12
Caribbean
Indian
Atlantic
15?
30?
10,000?
RI (years)
Pacific
12
Caribbean
Indian
Atlantic
15?
30?
1,000?
1842-2006:
3532+ deaths
Michael
Michael
US risk of tsunami
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hawaii
Alaska
Pacific NW
Atlantic coast
Gulf of Mexico
US risk of tsunami
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hawaii
Alaska
Pacific NW
Atlantic coast
Gulf of Mexico
MW = 9.2
US risk of tsunami
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hawaii
Alaska
Pacific NW
Atlantic coast
Gulf of Mexico
US risk of tsunami
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hawaii
Alaska
Pacific NW
Atlantic coast
Gulf of Mexico
1755 Lisbon
Earthquake
US risk of tsunami
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hawaii
Alaska
Pacific NW
Atlantic coast
Gulf of Mexico-negligible
Island of
Hawaii
Evacuate
shaded
areas
Warning
siren
DART Buoys
12 deployed, others
planned
Accurate to < 1mm!
Collects every 15 s
Cost $250K +
$50K annual
maintenance
Planned
DART
buoys -
Measuring
from Space?
Great 2004 Sumatra
tsunami wave
2 hours after quake
Tsunami wave
height measured
by satelites
Philippines, Drill