INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT
(JUNE 29, 2009 TO AUGUST 08 ,2009)

GAYATRI OHRI
07-ECE-141

PURPOSE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

The main aim of my training at Air India was to
get a first hand experience of working in an
industry
It helped me in gaining practical knowledge
about aviation.
It also aimed at briefing me up about an
organizations working.

COMPANY PROFILE
During the 1920s and 30s, India was being introduced to the concept of
Airlines which connected the world to the country.
But, the first scheduled Indian airline called Tata Airlineswas
launched by J.R.D. Tata in 1932.
The govt. of India nationalized air transport industry through air
corporation act. 1953. Thus Indian Airlines came into existence as a
public sector undertaking on June 15th 1953. It dominated the Indian
aviation sector during the 80s and 90s. The nationalization resulted in
the creation of two corporations viz. Indian Airlines and Air India.
Indian Airlines: To operate domestic services and short- range
international services to adjacent countries.
Air India: To operate for overseas services.

After being granted permission from the Government of India, on 15

July 2007, Indian Airlines and Air India merged and started to operate
as a single entity.
Post-merger the new airline was renamed as Air India. This new
airline is also a member of the Star Alliance, the largest airline alliance.
Indian Airlines is continuing its mission of providing an extensive air
transport system to link the farthest corners of our country while
acting as the second line of defense.
Soaring through the skies, Air India today is one of the largest airlines
in the world.

BOEING AND AIRBUS

THE TWO MOST EXTENSIVELY USED CARRIERS BY AIR INDIA ARE
BOEING AND AIRBUS
BOEING

AIRBUS

Boeing is American whereas Airbus is European

Boeing has a seating capacity of about 423 passengers whereas Airbus
has a capacity of 279
They are generally used as commercial transport

PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT
When an aircraft is
airborne then instead of
one force there a four
forces acting on it viz.

LIFT
WEIGHT
THRUST
DRAG

HOW DO AIRPLANES FLY?

In an ideal situation, an
airplane could sustain a
constant speed and level
flight in which the weight
would be balanced by the
lift, and the drag would
be balanced by the
thrust.

WHAT IS LIFT?
Lift is the force created by
the interaction between the
wings and the airflow.
It always acts upwards
It is the 'most important
force' as without it, an
aircraft cannot ascend from
ground and maintain
altitude.
It directly opposes the weight
of an airplane
Most of the lift is generated
by the wings.

HOW IS LIFT GENERATED?

Wings of an aircraft mainly contribute to the generation of lift
Airplanes designed with special wings. These special wings are known as
Airfoils (or Aerofoils).

CROSS -SECTIONAL VIEW OF AN

AEROFOIL

There are mainly two fundamental principles governing the generation of

lift:
Newtons third law:
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
The air is deflected downward by the action of the airfoil, and in
reaction the wing is pushed upward.
Bernoullis principle:
As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases.
The way the airplane's wings are shaped, forces the air going over
the top of the wings to speed up in order to reach the end edge of
the wing at the same time as the air traveling under the wing. The
bottom air has to travel a shorter distancee to the end of the wing
so that the air does not have to travel fast. These varying speeds
create a difference in pressures.
This air pressure difference exerts a upward force on the wings that
forces the airplane to lift

WHAT IS WEIGHT?
This force is due to the
interaction between
the aircraft's mass and
Earth's gravity.
It is a downward force.
Since, an airplane is a
combination of many
parts, its weight is sum
total of all weights

WHAT IS THRUST?
Thrust is a mechanical
force
This force is created
by an aircraft's engine
It is required for
forward motion.
It is generated by the
engines of the aircraft
through some kind of
propulsion system

WHAT IS DRAG?
This force acts in
reverse direction to
that of 'Thrust
It hinders forward
motion.(negative
force)
Every part of the
airplane (even the
engine) produces drag
It occurs due to skin
friction

AIRCRAFT CONTROLS
There are six main movement co-ordinates in an aircraft.

Move up and
down
PITCH
Roll from left
to right
ROLL
Move from
left to right
YAW

PITCHING

The pitch axis perpendicular to the

aircraft centerline
A pitch motion is an
up or down motion of
the nose of the aircraft
It is caused by the
deflection of the
elevators
The elevators are a
hinged section at the
rear of the horizontal
stabilizer.
They work in pairs

ROLLING

The roll axis lies

along the aircraft
centerline.
A roll motion is an up
and down motion of
the wings of the
aircraft.
It is caused by the
deflection of the
ailerons.
The ailerons are a
hinged section at the
rear of each wing.
They work in
opposition

YAWING
The yaw axis is
perpendicular to the
wings
A yaw motion is a side to
side movement of the
nose of the aircraft
The yawing motion is
caused by the deflection
of the rudder
The rudder is a hinged
section at the rear of the
vertical stabilizer. the
aircraft centerline.

BASIC PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE

HORIZONTAL
STABILIZER
Controls Pitch

VERTICAL
STABILIZER
Controls Yaw

RUDDER
Changes Yaw
(side to side)

ELEVATOR
Changes
Pitch
(Up & Down)

WING
Generates
Lift

FLAPS
Change Lift &
Drag
AILERON
Changes
Roll

JET ENGINE
Generates
Thrust

COCKPIT
Command & control

SLATS
Change
Lift
FUSELAGE (BODY)
Holds things together & carries

SPOILER
Changes Lift,
Drag & roll

FUSELAGE
The fuselage includes the cabin and cockpit, contains seats for the occupants
and the controls for the airplane.
VERTICAL STABILIZER & RUDDER
The vertical stabilizer functions with the same principle a wing does, but is
symmetrical.
It is a main control surface of airplanes.
It has a vertical position, usually in the tail of the aircraft and has a moving
part which is called Rudder.
RUDDER :- The rudder controls the Y-axis or Yaw of the plane and it is
controlled from the cockpit with the pedals.
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER & ELEVATOR : The horizontal stabilizer is the main control surface of the aircraft
Its function is not to provide more lift but to control the Pitch of the aircraft
and has a moving part called Elevator.
ELEVATOR :-These are controlled by the longitudinal axis of the joystick or
wheel. These help in pitching.
SPOILERS :Spoilers are used for reducing lift. They are moving surfaces which are placed
vertically across the airfoil. Spoilers are used mainly after touch down (landing).

AILERON : Ailerons are moving surfaces usually placed near the tips of the wings.
The function of an aileron is simple, by moving upwards or downwards it
modifies the angle of attack of that section of the wing, sinking or lifting it.
This change in the aerodynamic is due to the modification of relative curve of the
airfoil.
Ailerons are complementary
They control the X-axis or roll movement of the aircraft..
FLAPS : Flaps increase the wing surface or curve, generating more lift with the same
speed.
They are very used on low speed operations, mainly during landings and take
offs.
SLATS : A slat is a thin airfoil deployed form the leading edge of the wing.
This acts as a new little wing, but it's objective is not to produce lift but to
generate the circulation needed for it.
Slat circulation will be opposite to wing circulation reducing the highest speed of
the boundary layer. This reduces the maximum lift also, making its distribution
along the wing softer, but allowing the boundary layer to detach later (by reducing
the adverse pressure generated in the trailing edge).

JET ENGINE :A jet engine produces thrust by compressing air and

releasing it through a directed pipe or nozzle.
WING:The wing provides the principal lifting force of an airplane.

DEPARTMENT OVERVIEW
The Avionics complex at which I was trained
comprised of three overhaul shops: Electrical overhaul shop
Radio overhaul shop
Instrument overhaul shop
These shops mainly dealt with repairing and testing
of various parts of an aircraft.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Generally when we talk about ATC the image of men
and women sitting in a tower comes to mind.
However, the ATC is much more complex than that
The ATC performs the tasks of
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and
private aircraft
Coordinating the movements of thousands of
aircraft
Keeping them at safe distances from each other
Directing them during takeoff and landing from
airports
Directing them around bad weather
Ensuring the smooth flow of traffic

Once the airplane plane takes off,

the pilot activates a transponder
device in the cockpit.
The transponder detects incoming
radar signals and broadcasts an
amplified, encoded radio signal in
the same direction
The transponder signal provides
the controller with the aircraft's
flight number, altitude, airspeed
and destination
A blip representing the airplane
appears on the controller's radar
screen with this information
beside it
The controller can now follow the
plane
And.. The same procedure follows
during landing also

DISPLAY UNITS

The Airplanes are generally equipped with an Electronic Instrument

System (EIS) which includes 6 DUs:
The Captains and Co-pilots PFD (primary flight display)
The Captains and Co-pilots ND (navigation display),

The Engine/Warning Display (EWD)

The Systems Display (SD).

ECAM

The PFDs (Primary Flight Displays) supply :

Information required to fly the aircraft
Airspeed
Vertical speed and altitude
Flight path trajectory deviation
The NDs (Navigation Displays) present:

navigation and

weather radar information

ECAM (Electronic centralized aircraft monitor) system:
There are two ECAMS in the display panel (upper and lower ECAM)
It incorporates the EWD and SD.
The EWD presents engine primary and fuel quantity indications, flight control information and
warning and/or caution messages.
The SD presents aircraft status messages and system synoptic diagrams.

BATTERY POWER PACK

The power supply automatically energizes an external emergency exit

light when aircraft power failure occurs.
It has three primary components:
1. Cover assembly -The cover assembly allows access to rechargeable
battery assembly and attaches to the housing assembly
2. Battery assembly-The battery assembly attaches to the cover
assembly A support assembly holds the housing assemblies and the
battery assembly together. It has six carbon size, nickel cadmium
cells welded together with nickel straps. A fully charged battery
assembly can energize an emergency exit light for approximately 20
minutes.
3. Housing assembly-The housing assembly contains the electrical
components of power supply. A connector on the housing assembly
connects the power supply to external control switches, emergency
exit lights and power sources. The housing assembly also has a
terminal assembly to connect power to the battery assembly.

AIR SPEED INDICATOR

An airspeed indicator is an instrument in the
cockpit that indicates to the pilot how fast the
aircraft is traveling relative to the air outside.
Airspeed indicator calibration is usually
measured in knots (nautical miles per hour)
Knots are units of speed equivalent to 1.852
kilometers per hour (about 1.151 miles per
hour).
It is an extremely important instrument that is
used at all stages of flight
It helps the pilot to fly safely according to the
specified speed rules.