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Diagrams
 Meaning &
Significance of
Diagrams
 Meanin

g
Diagrams refers to the various types of bars,
squares, rectangle, lines, circles, maps,
pictorials etc which are strictly speaking not
graphic.
Significan o Diagram
ce f s
To have attractive and elegant presentation


To have attractive and elegant presentation



To depict the characteristics of data



To save time and labour


To facilitate comparison:
COMPARISON OF TABULAR AND DIAGRAMATIC
PRESENTATION
AND
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING
DIAGRAMS
 Table Diagram
contain precise figures s approximate
give only an
 idea
More information Less information than in

one diagrams

difficult to interpret Easy to interpret

showing trends and comparison

Not allow showing trends and
more vividly
comparison

require much close reading Close reading is not require


General Rules For
Constructing
1. Title Diagrams
2. Proportion between width and height

3. Selection of scale

4. Foote note

5. Index
6.Neatness and clean

7.Simplicity

8.Source note

9.Choice of Diagram
USES OF DIAGRAMS
Uses of diagrams:
•They give visual aids which give a bird’s eye view
of the entire data; therefore the information
presented is easily understood and they are
presented in simple, readily comprehensive form.
•
•Diagrams are generally more attractive to view than
the set of numerical data.
•
•That have greater memorizing effect. The impression
created by the diagrams last longer than those
created by the figures presented in the tabular form.
•
 •They bring out the hidden facts & relation & can
stimulate as well as aid analytical thinking &
investigation.
•
•Diagrammatic representations are used in investment
market to show changes taken place in values of
shares.

•Diagrammatic representations are used in

newspapers, magazines, journals,
advertisements etc.
•Diagrammatic representations are used in
whether forecasting to show the viewers of
news.
•
•It is used in organizations to know the
status of their business by just glancing
at the diagram.
•
•It is used for forecasting sex ratio.
Types of Diagrams
One Dimensional Diagram



One dimensional diagram are mostly
bar diagrams. In such diagrams
length of the bar matters much and
proportion to the magnitude of the
item which is shown by bar and the
width has nothing to do with the
data.
 Ex : Bar Diagram
Bar Diagram


 Bar diagrams are one of

the easiest and the most
commonly used devices of
presenting most of the
business and economic data
these are especially
satisfactory for
categorical data or series .
Types of bar diagram

Simple Bar Diagram
Component Bar Diagram
Multiple Bar Diagram
Percentage Bar Diagram
Pie Diagram
Simple Bar Diagram


 Bar diagrams are popularly used in

practice . Simple bar or thick lines are
drawn to represent the items of the
data . The height of the bar is taken to
proportional to the magnitude of the
items in the data . It represents only
one characteristics or classification
of the data .
 Example :


Years Export
(in Lakhs of Rupees)

1950 20
1951 23
1952 40
1953 52
 EXPORT OF FIRM A
(in Lakhs of Rupees)
60

50

40
EXPORT

30

20
S

10

0
1950 1951 1952 1953

YEAR
Component Bar Diagram


 The main draw back of simple bar

diagrams is that it can represent only
one variable of characteristics of the
data to over come this drawback component
bar diagrams is used . To represents
number of characteristics of data
component bar diagrams are used .
Example :


year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Wheat 12 16 20 15 23
Rice 10 10 14 17 15
Jowar 8 9 11 13 12
Total 30 35 45 45 5O
 PRODUCTION OF WHEAT RICE AND
JOWAR (in 1000 Tones)

55
50
45
40
35
Jowar
30
PROD

Rice
25
20 Wheat
15
10
5
0
1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

YEA
RS
Multiple Bar Diagram


 The component bar diagrams can be

replaced by a multiple bar diagrams it is
used to represent various set of
interlinked data , it is excellent
diagrams when components are to be
compared the magnitude of different
components are shown by a group of simple
bar with different shade or colors .

 Example :

year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Wheat 12 16 20 15 23
Rice 10 10 14 17 15
Jowar 8 9 11 13 12
Total 30 35 45 45 5O
 PRODUCTION OF WHEAT RICE AND
JOWAR (in 1000 Tones)
25

20

15
Wheat
PROD

Rice
10
Jowar

0
1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

YEA
RS
Percentage Bar Diagram


 When relative change in the data are to

be shown percentage bar diagrams is
constructed here the length of the bar is
equated to 100 units and components
expressed in percentage are shown by sub
dividing the bars .

 Example :


Items of expenditure Expenditure in rupees

Family A Family B
Food 150 100
Clothing 100 60
Rent 80 60
Fuel 80 30
Misc 90 50
Total 500 300
 Solution

Items of expenditure Expenditure in rupees

Family A in % Family B in %
Food 150*1/5=30 100*1/3=33.3
Clothing 100*1/5=20 60*1/3=20.0
Rent 80*1/5=16 60*1/3=20.0
Fuel 80*1/5=16 50*1/3=16.7
Misc 90*1/5=18 30*1/3=10.0
Total 100.0 100.0
EXPANDITURE OF TWO FAMILIES A & B
(In %)
100%
90%
80%
70% Misc
60% Fuel
50% Rent
40% Clothing
30% Food
20%
10%
0%
Family A in % Family B in %
Pie Diagram
 As a bar is sub divided to represent
its components , a circle may be sub -
divided into sector by subtending the
angles at the center . The total of the
components is equated to and each
components is expressed in degrees it
distinguish between the different
components , different shade and colors
are used it is called as pie diagrams . It
resembles a pie . It is also known as
sector graph
Example :


Items of expenditure Expenditure in rupees

Family A Family B
Food 150 120
Clothing 100 80
Rent 120 80
Fuel 80 40
Others 90 40
Total 540 360
Solution


Items of Expenditure. in rupees

Expenditure Rs Family A in % Rs Family B in %
Food 150 150*2/3=100 120 120*1=120
Clothing 100 100*2/3=66.7 80 80*1=80
Rent 120 120*2/3=80 80 80*1=80
Fuel 80 80*2/3=53.33 40 40*1=40
Others 90 90*2/3=60 40 40*1=40
Total 540 360 360 360

3600 20 3600 0
=1
Re. 1
= Re. 1
0
=
540 3
=
360
EXPENDITURE OF TWO FAMILIES
food food
clothing clothing
Rent Rent
Fuel Fuel
others others

Fami Fami
ly - A ly - B
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAMMS ,
THREE DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAMMS ,
PICTOGRAMS ,
CARTOGRAMS .
Two dimensional diagrams:
Also called as area diagrams
or surface diagrams two dimensional
diagrams are the diagrams in which the
magnitudes of the given observations are
represented by the area of the diagram
thus in case of two dimensional bar
diagrams the length as well as the width
will be considered.

Examples: Rectangles, Squares and Circles.

RECTANGLE

SQUARS

CIRCLE
Three dimensional diagrams:
These are the diagrams in which
three dimensions that is length breadth
and height are taken into consideration.
they are constructed so that the given
magnitudes are represented bye the
volumes of the corresponding diagrams
they are also called volume diagrams.
 PRISM
EX:

CUBES

SPHERE
Pictograms:
These involve the technique of
presenting statistical data through
appropriate pictures and are one of the
very popular devices to represent
statistical data especially to layman
without any mathematical background they
are most attractive representations. They
are extensively used by the government
and private institutions to represent
data.
EX:
Cartograms:
In cartograms the statistical facts
are presented through maps accomplished
by various types of diagrammatic
representation they are specially used to
depict the quantitative facts on a
regional or a geographical basis.
For example:

It is used to show the population

density of the different states in
country or in different countries of
world. These can make use of data bars and
different shades or colors etc.They are
simple and elementary forms of visual
presentations and are easy to understand.
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF
DIAGRAMS
ADVANTAGES
*Diagrams are attractive and impressive.
*Diagrams simplify data.
*Diagrams give more information.
*Diagrams save time and labour.
*Diagrams are useful in making
comparison.
Diagrams have universal applicability.
Disadvantages of
Diagram:-
*Diagrams give only a vague idea of the problem
which may be useful for a common man but not for
an exact idea of the problem
*It can be supplement to the tabular presentation

but not an alternative to it.

*Diagrams are helpful when comparison are desired.

They don’t lead any further analysis of data.

*Diagrams are liable to be misused for presenting an

illusory picture of problem.

*The level of precision of values indicated by

diagrams is very low.

*They can’t be used as alternative study.

*They can be used only for comparative study.

Thank

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