Aerodynamic theories

Aerodynamic theories

DLM Reference

AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2,

February 1969, pp. 279-285

Aerodynamic theories

Supersonic Reference

Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 28, No. 9,

September 1991, pp. 598-605
Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 23,
No. 12, Decembre 1956, pp. 1109-1118
Aerodynamic theories

Background
All the theories assume linear, small amplitude, sinusoidal motion
Flutter solutions can use all theories
Static and aerodynamic gust solutions are restricted to the subsonic
Doublet-Lattice method with body interference and the supersonic ZONA51
option
Reduced frequency is a key parameter
Where

c
k
2V

= Angular frequency of oscillation, rad/sec

= Reference lenght
= Free-stream velocity

1k
V f

= Referred as reduced velocity

= Number of characteristics lenghts, traveled per

cycle of oscillation

Aerodynamic theories

= Wavelenght of the disturbance, or distance

traveled per cycle of oscillation

Doublet Lattice Method

DLM can be used for interfering lifting surfaces in subsonic flow

All lifting surfaces are assumed to lie nearly parallel to the flow
because small-disturbance, linear aerodynamic theory is used
Each interfering surface is divided into small trapezoidal lifting
elements ("boxes")
The boxes are arranged to form strips that are parallel to the freestream
Fold lines and hinge lines must lie on the box boundaries
Symmetry options are available to enable reduced problem size
Aerodynamic theories

Double Lattice Method

Unknown pressure on the box represented by
a line of doublets at the box quarter chord
Known downwash condition specified at the
box three-quarter chord at the midspan
The linearized formulation of the oscillatory subsonic lifting surface theory
relates the normal velocity at the surface to the pressure difference across
the surface by a singular integral equation and the Kutta condition at the
trailing edge. In the equation form, the previous statement is expressed by:
w( x, s, t ) V Re w( x, s )eit

1
V2 Re p ( x, s)eit
2
1 N
w( x, s )
K ( x, ; s, ; , M ) p( , )d d

8 n 1 Sn
p ( x, s , t )

Aerodynamic theories

w( x, s, t ) V Re w( x, s )e it
p ( x, s , t )
w( x, s )

2
1

V2 Re p ( x, s )e it

(normal velocity)
(pressure difference)

K ( x, ; s, ; , M ) p ( , ) d d

8
n 1 S
n

p[ xTE ( s ), s ] 0 (Kutta condition)

s,

Basic DLM definitions

Curvilinear spanwise coordinates on the surface

x, y , z =

Cartesian coordinates

, ,

Cartesian coordinates

Frequency of oscillation

Re ... =

(integral equation)

Real part of

Sn

n-th surface element

Complex acceleration potential Kernel function for oscillatory

subsonic flow

Aerodynamic theories

to analyze nonplanar interference correctly. K 1 and K 2 are the

planar and nonplanar parts of the kernel numerator, respectively,
T1 = cos(gr 2 gs )

duced frequencies but increases with red

Extensive experience with the V LM
guidelines for the idealization of lifting s
ement models. I t is assumed that each su
imated by segments of planes. The surfac
trapezoidal panels (boxes) in a manner su
arranged in strips parallel to the freestream
edges and fold lines lie on box boundar
concentrated near wing edges and hing
place where downwash is discontinuou
large gradients. (The usual practiceis not
near hinge lines because viscous efects,
ing-edge control-surface aerodynamics, r
from potential theory results, so that m
tend to overpredict hinge moments.) The
jacent boxes in the streamwise direction
gradually. If a surface lies in (or nearly in
surface, the spanwise divisions of the
should lie along the spanwise divisions
face. Strips at the intersection of lifting
approximately equal widths.
The foregoing qualitative modeling re
been quanti ed (the guidelines havebeen
den and J ohnson9 ) as follows. The aspe
should be less than three. The chord leng
be less than 0.08 times the minimum ve
maximumfrequency (in Hz) of interest, i.
is a requirement for approximately 12
wave length; however, no less than fo
should be used). The limitation of box a
a consequence of the DLM assumption o
in the incremental kernel numerator. The
part of the incremental kernel numerator a
chord is shown in Fig. 3 for an aspect ra
Aeroservoelastic analyses frequently de
cies in control-systemcomponents, and n
short wavelength gusts, e.g., the tuned di
minimum gradient distance of 30 ft be
quire that higher reduced frequencies be
bination of the box chord length limitatio
ratio limitation can result in a requireme
of aerodynamic boxes. A higher-order (h
approximation to the numerator of the in
kernel will increase the limit on box asp

Matrix form
(3)

T*
2 = (z0 cos gr 2 y0 sin gr )(z0 cos gs 2 y0 sin gs )

(4)

The linearized condition of tangential flow

be expressed
as:
(5)
r = z 1 may
y
2

2
0

d
k
w x, y, z h x, y, z i h x, y, z
dx
l

2
0

The coordinate system is illustrated in Fig. 1. The description

of K 1 and K 2 as the planar and nonplanar parts of the kernel
numerator is a convenience because both are obviously nonplanar in general. The re nement in Eq. (2) is in the second
term; this was found to be necessary so that the DLM could
predict the interference between a nearly planar wing and horizontal tail.7 The re nement retained the original primary approximation,1 i.e., that the incremental oscillatory normalwash
factors are obtained by integrating the difference between the
oscillatory and steady kernels over the length of the bound
vortex assuming a quadratic (parabolic) variation in the numerator of the diference. The total normalwash factor is then
the sum of the incremental oscillatory normalwash factor and

Where h x, y, z is the deflection mode of the surface measured normal to the

surface. By prescribing h x, y, z and equating this equation with the integral

equation, an expression for the unknown pressure amplitude can be established.

The coordinate system is

Fig. 1 Lifting surface coordinate system.

Aerodynamic theories

Matrix form
while in matrix form

w A C p

Three aerodynamic matrices are generated

[ A(k , M )]
[ D]
[S ]

Aerodynamic Influence Matrix which relates downwash to

pressure

Substantial Differentiation Matrix computes downwash from

displacements

Integration Matrix computes forces and moments from

pressures

w A C p

w D1 ikD2 u
F q S C p

Then

F q S A D u
1

Aerodynamic theories

q Qkk u
9

Modeling Guidelines
Aerodynamic grid point identification starts with element identification
given on the CAERO1 entry and is incremented by unity for each box
generated by the entry
Aerodynamic grid point identification numbers are treated independently
from structural grid, scalar and extra point IDs so that duplicate and/or
overlapping IDs are permitted across the structural and aerodynamic
models.
Aerodynamic grid point identification numbers cannot overlap
Provision for corner points dictates that at least (NCHORD+1) x (NSPAN+1)
IDs be reserved for an aerodynamic panel

Aerodynamic theories

10

Modeling Guidelines
Boxes are identified with k-set degrees of freedom with two DOFs per box
One panel represents a flat plate with a trapezoidal planform. The inboard
and outboard edges are parallel to the streamwise direction
The trapezoidal lifting elements (i.e., the "boxes") should maintain an
aspect ratio of less than 3 in N5KA; the aspect ratio in N5KQ should be less
than 6. It is possible, depending on the configuration, that higher aspect
ratios can be used in both N5KA and N5KQ. Convergence studies are
recommended when higher values are selected.
Box chord length should be less than 0.08 times the least velocity of
interest divided by the greatest frequency (in hertz) of interest; however,
not less than four boxes per chord should be used and convergence studies
are always reccomended

x 0.08

Aerodynamic theories

V
f

11

Modeling Guidelines
Boxes should be concentrated near downwash discontinuities, e.g.,
leading edge, trailing edge, and hinge lines
Use narrower boxes at wing tips where the load is decreasing
Aerodynamic interference groups are available to reduce the costs of
matrix generations and to study the influence of surfaces on each other
With multiple near-coplanar surfaces, avoid aligning the midspan of one
strip with a spanwise edge of another strip

Aerodynamic theories

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Aerodynamic theories

Aerodynamic theories

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