Statistical quality

control and control

charts
PRESENTED BY:SOMYA SHUKLA (55)
VISHWADEEP MISHRA (56)

Statistical Quality Control

History
SQC was pioneered by Walter A. Shewhart at Bell Laboratories
in the early 1920s.
Shewhart developed the control chart in 1924 and the concept
of a state of statistical control.
W. Edwards Deming invited Shewhart to speak at the Graduate
School of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and served as the
editor of Shewharts book Statistical Method from the Viewpoint
of Quality Control (1939) which was the result of that lecture.
Deming was an important architect of the quality control short
courses that trained American industry in the new techniques
during WWII.

Characteristics
Control quality standard of goods produced for
marketing.
Exercise by the producers during production to assess
the quality of goods.
Carried out with the help of certain statistical tools like
Mean Chart, Range Chart, P-Chart, C-Chart etc.
Designed to determine the variations in quality of the
goods & limits of tolerance

Methods of Statistical Quality

Control
Statistical process control
the application of statistical techniques to
determine whether a process is functioning as
desired.

Acceptance sampling

the application of statistical techniques to

determine whether a population of items
should be accepted or rejected based on
inspection of a sample of those items.

Variations in Quality
No two items are exactly alike.
Some sort of difference in the two items is bound to be
there. Infact it is an integral part of any manufacturing
process.
This difference in characteristics known as variation.
This variation may be due to substandard quality of raw
material, carelessness on the part of operator, fault in
machinery system etc..

Causes of Variations

Assignab
le causes

Chance
causes

ASSIGNABLE CAUSES
It refers to those changes in the quality of the products which
can be assigned or attributed to any particular causes like
defective materials, defective labour, etc.
Assignable causes are non-random and can be identified and
correctable.
Non random causes like
Difference in quality of raw material
Difference in machines
Difference in operators
Difference of time

CHANCE CAUSES
These causes take place as per chance or in a random
fashion as a result of the cumulative effect of a multiplicity
of several minor causes which cannot be identified.
These causes are inherent in every type of production.
Variation occurred due to chance. This variation is NOT due
to defect in machine, Raw material or any other factors.
Behave in random manner". Negligible but Inevitable.
The process is said to be under the state of statistical
control.

Statistical Process Control

Control
Charts

A point that plots within

the control limits
indicates the process is in
control.
A point that plots outside
the control limits is
evidence that the process
is out of control.

Control charts for Variables

Control charts for variables monitor characteristics that can be
measured and have a continuous scale, such as height, weight,
volume, or width.
When an item is inspected, the variable being monitored is
measured and recorded.
For example, if we were producing candles, height might be an
important variable. We could take samples of candles and
measure their heights.
Two of the most commonly used control charts for variables
monitor both the central tendency of the data (the mean) and the
variability of the data (either the standard deviation or the
range).

Control charts for Attributes

Control charts for attributes are used to measure quality
characteristics that are counted rather than measured.
Attributes are discrete in nature and entail simple yesor-no decisions.
For example, this could be the number of nonfunctioning
light bulbs, the proportion of broken eggs in a carton,
the number of rotten apples, the number of scratches on
a tile, or the number of complaints issued.
Two of the most common types of control charts for
attributes are p-charts and c-charts.

Brushing Through the

Fundamentals

Mean (X-bar) Chart

Alternative Calculation of UCL & LCL in X-bar

Chart

R-Chart

Conclusion (X-bar
Chart & R-Chart)

P-Chart

C-Chart

When do we use
Control Charts?????

Thank You..