Design of Retaining Wall

RETAINING WALL
-EAT-352 (CONCRETE
BUILDING DESIGN II)MOHD FAIZ BIN MOHAMMAD ZAKI
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EAT 352
CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II
WHAT IS RETAINING WALL?

.
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CONCEPT OF RETAINING WALL

.
To retain earth or other

material in a vertical or
nearly vertical position
at locations where an
abrupt change in ground
level occurs
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PURPOSE OF RETAINING WALL

.
To stabilize the slopes

and provide useful areas
at different elevations.
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CONT
stabilize the slopes

for buildings, roads
and railways.
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CONT
Retaining wall
prevents the retain
earth from
assuming its
natural angle of
repose.
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CONT
This caused the
retained earth to
exert a lateral
pressure on the wall ,
thereby tending to
overturn , slide and
settle the retaining
wall structure.
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CONT
The wall must designed to be stable under the
effects of the lateral pressure, and also to
satisfy
Usual requirements
of strength
Serviceability
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TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

Concrete retaining wall may be
considered
in
three
basic
categories :
GRAVITY WALL
COUNTERFORT WALL
COUNTERFORT WALL
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GRAVITY WALL
Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone,
concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressure
from behind. Its usually constructed of plain
concrete or stone masonry.
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COUNTERFORT WALL
Used where overall height of wall is to large to be constructed
economically as a cantilever.
They consist of the wall and footing of cantilever retaining
walls, with the addition of structural supports that tied at
interval by counterforts or bracing walls. The function is to
increase the resistance to the pressure from the weight of the
soil.
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CANTILEVER WALL
.
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CONT
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CONT
.
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CONT
the economic
height range up to
6.0 m; if exceed
this height , more
economic to use
pre-stressing
techniques
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CONT
The stability of the
wall is maintained
by the
-weight of soil on
the base slab plus
-self weight of
structure.
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SURCHARGE
.
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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

The design of retaining wall divided into two
fundamental stages
Stability analysis
Element design and detailing
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STABILITY ANALYSIS
THREE SETS OF LOAD COMBINATIONS must be
considered at the ultimate limit state. The first two
combinations will be used for consideration of both
structural failure , (STR), and geotechnical failure,
(GEO).
The third combination consider the possible loss of
equilibrium (EQU) of the structure such as
overturning. The partial safety factors to be used for
these three combinations.
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Partial safety factor at the

ultimate limit state
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OVERTURNING
This occurs because of unbalanced moments and
when overturning moment about toe due to lateral
pressure is larger than the resisting moment due to
the weights of wall and weight of soil above the
heel slab. The critical conditions are when
maximum horizontal force acts with a minimum
vertical load.
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EAT 352
CONT
A partial safety factor of 0.9 is applied to the permanent
vertical load Vk (weight of wall + weight of soil) if its effect is
favourable'. The 'unfavourable' effects of the permanent earth
pressure loading Hk at the rear face of the wall are multiplied
by a partial safety factor of 1.1.
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CONT
The 'unfavourable' effects of the variable surcharge
loading, if any, are multiplied by a partial safety
factor of 1.5.
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SLIDING
The resistance against sliding is essentially
provided by the friction between the bottom surface
of the base slab and the soil beneath it.
Resistance provided by the passive earth pressure
on the front face of the base may make some
contribution, but since this material is often
backfilled against the face, its resistance cannot be
guaranteed and is usually ignored.
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SLIDING
A partial safety factor of f = 1.0 is applied to the permanent
vertical load Vk, if its effect is 'favourable' (i.e. contribute to
the sliding resistance) and the 'unfavourable effects of the
permanent earth and surcharge pressures at the rear face of
the wall are multiplied by partial safety factor of f = 1.35 and
1.5 respectively.
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SETTLEMENT
The width of the base slab must be adequate to
distribute the vertical force to the foundation soil
without causing excessive settlement or rotation.
To determine the required size of the base the
bearing pressure underneath it is assessed on the
basis of the ultimate limit state (GEO).
Since the base slab of the wall is subjected to the
combined effects of an eccentric vertical load
coupled with an overturning moment, the analysis is
similar to that for foundation design.
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CONT
The distribution of bearing pressure will be as
shown in the figure provided the effective
eccentricity e lies within the middle third of the
base. The bearing pressure is then given by,
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ELEMENT DESIGN AND DETAILING

the retaining wall , i.e. stem , toe slab and heel slab
are designed as cantilever slabs to resist the
designed moments and shear forces.
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CONT
The stem is designed to resist the moment caused
by the force f Hf, with f values taken for load
combination 1 if this load combination is deemed to
be critical.
The flexural reinforcement is provided near the rear
face of the stem, and my be curtailed in stages for
economy.
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CONT
In the case of toe slab, the net pressure is obtained
by deducting the weight of the concrete in the toe
slab from the upward acting soil pressure.
The net pressure acts upward and the flexural
reinforcement has to be provided at the bottom of
toe slab.
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CONT
The heel slab must be designed to resist the
moment due to downward pressure from the weight
of the retained earth (plus surchage, if any) and
concrete slab.
Since the net pressure acts downward,
the flexural reinforcement is
provided at the top of the heel
slab.
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EAT 352
CONT
Two sets of load combinations must be considered at the
ultimate limit state . For load combination 1, the moment due
to the horizontal load on the maximum bearing pressure at the
toe of the wall is 'unfavourable' whilst the moments of the
weight of the wall and the earth acting on the heel of the wall
act in the opposite sense and are thus ' favourable' .
Hence the partial safety factor for the lateral earth pressure
and lateral surcharge are 1.35 and 1.5 respectively.
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EAT 352

Design of Retaining Wall

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Design of Retaining Wall

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RETAINING WALL

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

WHAT IS RETAINING WALL?

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCEPT OF RETAINING WALL

To retain earth or other

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

PURPOSE OF RETAINING WALL

To stabilize the slopes

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

stabilize the slopes

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

Partial safety factor at the

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

ELEMENT DESIGN AND DETAILING

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN II

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