AVR Switchyard

Generation GCO10-P4 - TT10 (Day4)
TOPIC
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
SYNCHRONIZING
GRID VOLTAGE CONROL
SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT
Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Cheng
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of day4, participants will be able to: Describe Automatic Voltage Regulator
Describe Excitation System
Describe MVAR and System Voltage
relationship in an electrical Island
Describe System Voltage Control
Explain Synchronizing Generator
Describe Switchyard Equipment

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COURSE CONTENT
Automatic Voltage Regulator
Synchronizing a Generator
Grid System Voltage Control
Switchyard Equipment and Operating

Protocol

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GENERATOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE

REGULATOR
Why do we need AVR for Generator ?
Electric power is delivered throughout the
Grid system at regulated voltage.
Large
voltage fluctuation could cause
damage to connected electrical equipment.
System
voltage can be maintained by
regulating terminal voltages of a generators.

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GENERATOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE

REGULATOR
Why do we need AVR for Generator ?
AVR regulates generator terminal voltages by

controlling direct current to the field winding at a
relatively low voltage (50-500 volts) compare to the
generator stator voltage.
This is normally known as generator excitation

system.

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Potential Source Excitation System

Block Diagram
POWER
POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
(PPT)
POWER
RECTIFIER
/ SCR
GENERATOR
CT
PT
DC
REG.

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AC
REGULATOR
Generator Excitation Equipment
The excitation equipment is composed of :- power potential transformer

- power rectifier
- ac regulator
- dc regulator
- other optional equipments
Power potential transformer provides the power

source for the excitation
Power rectifier provides the dc excitation current to

the generator rotor coil

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Generator Excitation Equipment
The regulator
regulators:
circuitry
consists
of
two
basic
ac regulator - controls generator terminal voltage

dc regulator - controls generator field voltage
The dc regulator loop is active in the ac regulator

mode, operating as an inner control loop to the outer
regulator loop.

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Potential Source Excitation System

Block Diagram
POWER
POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
(PPT)
GENERATOR
POWER
RECTIFIER
/ SCR
CT
PT
Inner Loop
DC
REG.

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Outer
Loop
AC
REGULATOR
Voltage Control
1) Cause of Voltage Deviation
2) Effect of Voltage Deviation
3) Use of Voltage Control
Equipments
4) Role of System Operator

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Causes of Low Voltage
High power transfer

Sudden loss of transmission line
Loss of Mvar sources
Failure to get ahead of the voltage
Sudden increase of large loads

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Causes of High Voltage

Low power transfer
Loss of transformer
Loss of load

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Effects of Low Voltage

Customer equipment
Power losses
System equipment
Load magnitude
Angle stability

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Effects of High Voltage

Over-excitation in transformers
Load magnitude
Angle stability
Power losses
Customer equipment

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Use of voltage control equipments

Capacitor
Reactor
Transformer tap changer
Generator
Synchronous condenser
Static Var compensator SVC
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Four Reasons to Keep Voltage High

Increase power transfer
Minimize losses
Increase Stability (reduce power
angle)
Increase reactive output

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Role of System Operator

Monitor voltage
Take actions to raise voltage
Take actions to lower voltage
Maintain reactive reserves

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SYNCHRONIZING
The following notes will explain : The importance of synchronizing
Conditions that must be met in order to

synchronize
Synchronize a generator to the grid or
infinite bus
Synchronize two generators together
Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh Koh / Cheng
SYNCHRONIZING
Five conditions must be met for two
generators to be synchronized :1. The number of phases must be the
same.
2. The direction of rotation must be the same.
3. The voltage amplitudes must be closely
matched.
4. The frequencies must be closely matched.
5. The phase angles must be closely matched.
SYNCHRONIZING
NUMBER OF PHASES
3-Phase
R
GENERATOR Y
3-Phase
R
Y
B
UTILITY BUS
or
ANOTHER
GENERATOR
The number of phases in the

generator must equal the number of
phases of the bus it is synchronizing
to.
This should only be a consideration when
initially installing a generator.
SYNCHRONIZING
DIRECTION OF ROTATION
B
Generator
Y
BUS
The electrical rotation of the generator being

brought on line must match the electrical rotation
of the bus it is synchronizing to.
This should only be a consideration when

initially installing a generator.
SYNCHRONIZING
VOLTAGE AMPLITUDES
Voltage Amplitude
Generator
Voltage Amplitude
BUS
Voltage amplitudes of the unit coming on line

should be slightly higher than the bus voltage so
that the unit will be feeding out power when it ties
on.
The voltage amplitude can be adjusted at the
voltage regulator (Raise / Lower).
SYNCHRONIZING
FREQUENCY MATCH
Generator
BUS
The frequencies of the on coming unit and bus

must be matched. In some cases, the on-coming
unit may have a slightly faster frequency in order
for the oncoming generator to immediately start
producing
power.
This
is where
we get the phrase slow in the
fast direction.
SYNCHRONIZING
PHASE ANGLE MATCH
Generator
BUS
The phase angle of the generator and bus must be

matched.
In this example the generator and bus have

the same frequency but are out of phase.
They will be in phase when the two wave
forms over lap each other.
SYNCHRONIZING
PHASE ANGLE MATCH
Generator
BUS
At the point the two wave forms overlap each

other the synchroscope should be pointing at 12
oclock and the phashing lights should be dark.
The phasing lights should be dark because

they are typically powered from the voltage
potential that exists when the two wave
forms are out of phase from each other.
SYNCHRONIZING
WHY IS SYNCHRONIZING IMPORTANT ?
Generator
BUS
Proper synchronizing of generators is required not

only to prevent catastrophic failure of components
but also to prevent accelerated wear of switch
gear components caused by closing the breaker
when even a small voltage potential exists
between units.
Prevent failure of Generator, Switchgear (Circuit
Breaker), Transformer, Auxiliary Equipmentsetc.
SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT
Objective
Provide System Overview of a Switchyard Equipment
for Thermal Power Plant
Describe the Major Components in Switchyard
Discuss the Operations and Control aspects
Example : Perai Power Station
24 26 APR 2006
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Major components in a Switchyard
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Busbars
Transformers
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Isolators
Earthing (Switches, Transformers, Resistances)
Surge Diverters
Line Traps and
Insulators
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Busbar System
The function of the 132 kV Busbar System is to
receive power from the generators via their
respective step-up generator transformers and circuit
breakers and distribute it to the 132 kV feeders
Some power is also channelled to the 33 kV busbars
via the Interbus Transformers
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Some basic busbar description
An electric busbar is defined as any system of
conductors to which three or more electric circuits
are connected
The word busbar is taken from Latin word
omnibus which means for all (shortened to
bus - a vehicle for carrying everyone)
Thus the term busbar means a set of conductors or
bars (at first only solid bars were used - voltage
being low), to which all the incoming and the
outgoing electrical circuits are connected
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Since busbars are just a set of conductors they can
even take the form of overhead wires strung
between poles using insulators
This type of construction is called a Flexible Bus
and is used for very small stations with one or two
machines and a couple of feeders; because it is very
cost-effective
But when many circuits are involve, there may be
problems of clearances due to sag and sway of the
wires during storms
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
For most large power station and main-intake
substations the Rigid Bus system is used because of
its stability and convenience of connection to several
electrical circuits
The rigid busbars are made of tubular copper alloy
and mounted solidly on free-standing vertical
porcelain insulators
(The two simple busbar systems mentioned above is
shown in the pictures)
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
The 132 kV busbar system normally has two sets of
busbars, the Main and the Reserve busbars
The Main busbar has a row of three parallel horizontal
busbars, one for each phase; and surrounding this row
on three sides is the Reserve busbar (also with three
parallel bars for R, Y, and B phases)
This formation is used to enable easy connection to the
various incoming and outgoing circuit breakers, which
would be almost impossible otherwise, because of the
numerous crossings of conductors involved
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
The 132 kV busbars are supplied by Generator sets
through their respective Generator-Transformers
which step-up the generated voltage to 132 kV
Outgoing feeder circuits
Distribution transformers
Station transformers
Circuit breakers, isolators and earthing switches.
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Each incoming generator transformer circuit breaker
and each outgoing Feeder CB is connected
Disconnect Switch (or Isolator)
The isolator is used for isolating the circuit breaker
from the system , for maintenance purpose, and is
only to be operated when the CB is OFF
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
In addition , each outgoing Feeder CB line Isolator
has an Earthing Switch fitted
This switch is closed only after the Line Isolator is
opened, and the line is dead, to protect
maintenance personnel working on the yard / lines.
The local transformers ground point however, are
permanently earthed through an earth resistance
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
A Bus-Coupler (which is a circuit breaker) is also
provided to connect the Main busbar to the Reserve
busbar
This bus-coupler must be closed before any transfer of
plant is carried out between the Main and Reserve bars
The 132 kV busbars have separate protection systems
installed for Main and Reserve busbars
Whenever a fault occurs within the protected zone, all the
CBs on that busbar will trip out and thus clear that busbar
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Busbar System - Operation
In normal operation, both Main and Reserve bars are
in service, with the Bus-Coupler closed
If it is necessary to isolate either of the busbars, then
all the machines and the feeders have to be
transferred to one busbar, after which the buscoupler is opened
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
When the Bus-Coupler connects the two Main and
Reserve bars, the synchroscope must be used since
paralleling of two power sources is involved
If both bars are energised, the synchroscope pointer
will be stationary at 12 o-clock position and both
running and incoming readings will be the same
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
With the bus-coupler and its Isolators closed, on-load
busbar transfer is permitted on all circuits; since with
the bus-coupler closed, both the Main and Reserve
Bars are at the same voltage
Operation of the isolators are allowed after the
respective Breaker is opened
This is not the same as using the isolators to break or
make load current which, is forbidden
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Circuit Breakers
The function of a HV CB is to interrupt a circuit
under load conditions
In addition to breaking the normal load current, it
can also interrupt an overload or fault current several
times greater than normal current under short circuit
conditions
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
A CB interrupts circuit by opening its contacts and then
interrupting the current by extinguishing the resultant
as rapidly as possible
This is created by the current trying to bridge the gap
as the contacts first separate
The air between the arc becomes very hot and ionizes,
thus
acting as a conductor
The arc is extinguished by increasing the distance between
the contacts as rapidly as possible and providing some
means of force-cooling the arc. Such as by creating a
strong flow of oil and gas along its entire path
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Basic CB priciples - are interruption
When the current is interrupted, the field collapses and
since energy cannot be destroyed, the energy in the
magnetic field is converted back into electric energy.
The faster the current goes to zero, the higher the
voltage induced
Thus an arc allows the current to flow for a few cycles
more, to enable the magnetic fields to decay gradually
without excessive over voltages
The design of a CB is meant to minimize this arc. To
extinguish it fast and prevent it from restriking
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Busbar Coupler
The function of a bus-coupler is to connect the Main
and Reserve busbars, thus allowing for the transfer
of circuits from on bus to the other
This can be partial transfer, so as to share out the
load and generator outputs, or total transfer to
completely change over all the circuits to one busbar
(for maintenance)
If the bus-coupler is open, an interlock prevent
operation of any of the isolators
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132kV Busbar Coupler
The bus-coupler is a 132 kV circuit breaker
To operate, the synchroscope must be used since
paralleling of two power sources is involved
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Isolators
isolators (or Disconnect Switches) are primarily used
for Off-Load switching only; to isolate, connect, or
change the alignment of electrical equipment such as
busbars, breakers, feeders and transformers
They are not to be used for on-load switching
because they do not incorporate any arc
extinguishing devices, and opening or closing under
load will cause the contacts to melt thereby
destroying the isolators
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Isolators - Operations
The 132 kV isolators can only be operated locally,
since motor operation is not provided
Since isolators are to be used for non-load current
breaking only, it is essential to verify that the
associated 132 kV CB is off before trying to operate
the isolator
To CLOSE the isolator, first ensure that all PTWs
(permits-to-work) have been cancelled and that the
plant is ready for operation
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Earthing Switches
These 3-pole earthing switches are fitted to line
isolators
Their function is to earth the feeder line after the
isolator is opened, if maintenance is to be carried out
on the plant side of the isolator
Earthing the line after it has been isolated, protects
maintenance personnel from inadvertent energising
of the line from the other end, since this will
immediately trip off the supply circuit breaker on
earth fault
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Equipment Earthing And System Earthing
equipment earthing purely for the protection of the
user
In this case the exposed, non-current carrying metal
parts of
a piece of electrical equipment, say a table-lamp, is
connected electrically to earth or ground
If there is an internal short-circuit. (say the live wire
insulation is broken) the body of the lamp becomes alive
and would pose a grave danger to anyone who touches it
But if the body of the lamp is earthed, the current would
take the line of least resistance and find an easy path to
the ground, thus protecting anyone who touches the lamp
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Equipemnt Earthing And System Earthing
system earthing is the intentional shorting of
some point in the electrical system (usually the
Neutral point of transformers) to earth (or
ground), in order to provide circuit stability and
protection
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Equipment Earthing And System Earthing
In a three-phase system, earthing the neutral or star-point
of a distribution transformer does the following :
1. Maintains phase voltages at the correct level
2. Provides a safe path for fault current to ground
3. Enables protective relays to be used for earth-fault
4. If an earthing resistance is used, enables fault current
restriction
5. With the used of are-suppression coil, enables parts of the
system to remain in service even with say, a fault on one
phase, and
6. On L.V. overhead lines provides single phase supply do
domestic consumers
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Earthing Switches - Operation
Prior to operating the earthing switch it is vitally important
to ensure that the associated isolator is open and the line is
dead
Although an interlock is provided it may have been
defeated, hence the necessity for extreme care
The operation itself is simple; merely lifting the operating
handle and if it is free, rotate it in a smooth movement to
the closed or open position as necessary
When closed ensure that the contacts have made firmly, and
that they are not merely half closed
When open also visually check to verify that the contracts
are properly parted and not jammed
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Surge Diverters (Lightning Arresters)
Surge Diverters protect the plant and transmission
lines against abnormal over voltages during switching
surges and especially during lightning strikes on the
system
Basically surge diverters act as insulators at normal
rated voltages, but become conductors at extremely
high voltages to carry away the surge currents safely
to
earth
As soon as the voltage comes back to normal the
diverter once more reverts to acting as an insulator
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Surge Diverters - Operations
A surge diverter operates on the principle that under
normal or rated voltage conditions the diverter acts
as an insulator and prevents any current flow through
it
When an over voltage occurs, the non-linear
resistance material within the diverter acts as a low
impedance conductor and diverts the surge current
safely to earth
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Surge Diverters - Operations
The normal 50 Hz current is prevented from following
through to ground by the inherent resistance of the
arrester
The arc is quickly extinguished and its energy dissipated,
all within a fraction of a millisecond, and the arrester is
ready to protect against the next voltage surge
surge diverters, once installed and commissioned, operate
on their own without any intervention by operators. The
only task needed is routine recording of the counter
readings
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Line Traps
A Line Trap is part of the PLC (Power Line Carrier)
system used to superimpose high frequency carrier
signals over the power transmission lines
Refer Picture
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Line Traps
There is no need for operator to intervene in
utilizing Line Traps
Once tuned and commissioned it becomes a part of
the fixed electrical equipment that needs no special
control under normal running conditions
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
HV Current Transformers
The function of a HV CT is primarily to enable the line
current in a HV power circuit to be measured by meters
and protection relays
The current transformer achieves this in two ways
1.
By isolating instruments, relays and meters from
high line voltages, where the delicate and
precise instruments cannot accommodate
2.
By transforming the line current to levels
suitable for measurement on standard
instruments, meters, and relays
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
A current transformer supplies the instrument or
relay which is connected to its secondary windings,
with a current proportional to the primary current,
but small enough to be safe for the instrument or
relay
The secondary of a CT is usually designed for a
rated
current of 5A or 1A
The primary winding is connected in series with the
line
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
There is no necessity for operator intervention in
utilising Current Transformers
Once properly commissioned and installed it
becomes a part of the fixed electrical equipment that
needs no special control under normal running
conditions
Routine checking only involves observing that the
oil level, in the expansion tank on top of the CT,
does not fall below the set mark
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Voltage Transformers
The function of a voltage transformer (VT) is similar
to that of the step-down power transformer i.e. to
reduce the high voltages on a circuit, to levels low
enough to be measured by voltmeters and protective
relays
The only difference being that the amount of power
transformed by a VT is very small in the order of
say between 100 VA and 1500 VA only, as
compared with several hundred or thousands of kVA
for power transformers
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
The VT or potential transformer (PT) is used to reduce high
voltage to a value that is low enough for use with voltmeters
and relays
The normal VT consists of a primary and a secondary
winding wound about a laminated iron core as for a normal
step-down power transformer
However for high voltages, a Capacitor Voltage
Transformer (CVT) is preferred over the two-winding type
of VT
Both types of VTs are normally installed, namely the
conventional electro-magnetic ones (Type EMFC 145) and
the capacitor voltage transformers (Type CP)
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
There is no necessary for operator intervention in utilising
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
Once properly commissioned and installed it becomes a
part of the fixed electrical equipment that needs no special
control under normal running conditions
Routine checking only involves inspection to confirm that
there is no oil leak or accumulation of soot or dust on the
porcelain
The oil level should not fall below the marked level and
tends to expose the paper insulation to the air, the unit must
be taken out of service
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Neutral Earthing Resistance
The Neutral Earthing Resistance is connected to the
neutral point of the electrical system
And its function is to limit the current flowing to
earth during major faults (such as short circuit to
earth) on the system
This intentional shorting of same point in the
electrical system (usually the Neutral point of
transformers) to earth (ground), is to provide circuit
protection
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
In a 3-phase system, earthing the neutral or star-point of a
distribution transformer does the following :
1.
Maintains phase voltages at the correct level
2.
Provides a safe path for fault current to ground
3.
Enables protective relays to be used for earth-fault
4.
If an earthing resistance is used, enables fault current
restriction
5.
With the use of arc-suppression coils, enables parts of
the system to remain in service even with say, a fault
on one phase, and
6.
On L.V. overhead lines provides single phase supply
to domestic consumers
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Distribution systems which have low fault MVA
levels can be grounded using a solidly earthed
neutral
For large power systems where high fault levels
are grounded using a resistance-earthed neutral
These resistances can be either of the metal earthing
type (either cast-grid or continuous strip) or the
liquid earthing type
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Neutral Earthing Resistance - Operations
Once installed and commissioned the earthing
resistance becomes a part of the fixed electrical
equipment that needs no special control under
normal running conditions, except to occasionally
operate the isolators to solidly earth either
transformer when it is on maintenance
Routine annual inspections are made to check for
crack or damage of insulators, for change of colour
of resistors, for corrosion of panels etc.
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Interbus Transformers
The function of an Interbus Transformer is to
connect two sets of busbars having different voltages
such as the 33 kV Busbars and the 132 kV Busbars
So as to enable the system load to be shared by
generators on both busbars
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Interbus Transformers
In some cases, an auto-transformer is used instead of
the usual two-winding transformer, usually when the
ratio is small; for the following reasons;
1.
Since it is a single coil, it uses less material
and some insulation level
2.
The electrical losses is less and better voltage
regulation
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Panels
The 132 kV control panel in the ECR is vital to the
remote operations and control of the major 132 kV
equipment in the switchyard
Visual indications of the status of each circuit breaker
and isolator are given on the mimic board
The operating parameters of each major 132 kV
component, such as voltage, current, power and reactive
volt-amperes are also indicated
The various relays that operate during a fault are also
indicated on the facia of the panel
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Panels
Each equipment panel contains meters, switches, miniature
circuit breakers, indication lights, alarms and synchronising
sockets, like
ammeter, voltmeter, Megawatt meter and kVAr

meter, ammeter phase-selection switch
Facia relay indication panel, which shows the

number and type of relay operated; with buttons to
accept, reset (orcancel) and for test
an Auto-Reclose off/on switch and a Carrier

off/on switch
indication lamps for CB Spring Charged and Trip

Coil Supervisory, with the hand-trip and auto-trip
counters
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
132 kV Panels - Operations
Basically there is no operation on the 132
kV panels, except for the operation of the
circuit breaker remote control switches
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Electric Control Room
The ECR is the nerve centre of the whole power station
From here the station power output is controlled and sent
to the main switchyard, from where the power is distributed
to the HV transmission lines as well as to the Local
distribution substations and also to the station in- plant
auxiliaries
As such most of the generator output controls, transformer
and feeder controls, together with their protective relays and
alarm indications are located in the ECR
The function of the ECR also involves communicating with
the NLDC as well as liaising with the Unit Control Room
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Electric Control Room
The purpose of the operation, control and protection system design
for a switchyard, is to ensure that :
1.
The power supply is secure and remains within the
accepted voltage and frequency limits,
2.
The plant is protected from abnormal and sudden changes
in load demand
3.
The plant is protected from voltage surges on the feeders or
locally due to lightning strike
4.
The plant is protected from over current due to earth faults
and short circuits and
5.
The personnel involved in the operation and maintenance
of plant are protected from danger due to mal-operation or
negligence by personnel, or due to system electrical faults
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Switchyard Operation
Unlike for Turbine-Generators and other machinery
which have distinct phases of operation (such as
start-up, shutdown, etc.), the Switchyard does not
have a special start-up or shutdown
The Switchyard is in operation continuously from
the time of commissioning, except for the very rare
occasions of system breakdown which cause a
complete shutdown of the power station
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Switchyard Operation
We can categorize the operation of a switchyard into
two main phases :
1.
Normal Operation, and
2.
Abnormal or System Fault Operation
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Switchyard Operation - Normal Operation
Normally in the switchyard, the busbars are always
energized, either from the machines or from the grid
system
In such rare case, the switchyard acts only as
a main-intake substation, only several in the grid
transmission system
Operation then merely involves the opening or
closing the feeder circuit breakers and adjustment of
Interbus Transformer tap-changers for voltage
control, on the instructions of NLDC
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Switchyard Operation - Normal Operation
Normally, several machines would be running and be
connected to the busbars, supplying power into the Grid
system
Therefore a major part of normal, everyday switchyard (or
ECR) operation is :
1.
The synchronising of machines onto the busbars
2.
The taking off of some machines from the busbars
3.
The synchronising of feeder CBs onto the busbars
4.
The taking off of feeder CBs from the busbars
5.
The adjustment of Interbus Transformer tap-changers
to maintain the required busbar voltage and
6.
The adjustment of machine power and mvar output as
required by the NLDC
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Switchyard Operation - Abnormal Operation
or System Fault
This refers to the unlikely case of a complete
shutdown of the power station, and de-energising
of the busbars due to a major system fault
SWITCHYARD OVERVIEW
Switchyard Operation - Abnormal Operation
The operations to follow would include ;
1. Safe shutdown of machines and clearing of all circuit
breakers from the busbars,
2. Putting the blackstart gas-turbine onto the 132 kV bars
and supplying machine auxiliaries, via the Station and
Unit Boards,
3. Putting the first machine back onto the busbars and
providing the load needed for its stable running, by
closing the 132 CB to supply some of the major local
consumers, and
4. Normalising the feeders by operating the appropriate CB
on instructions from NLDC
SUMMARY KEY WORDS

1. Disconnect Switch
An isolator that physically isolates a circuit from
all possible energy sources during maintenance
2. Gang Operated
Mechanical linkage that allows all three phases of
a device to be operated together
3. Capacitor
An electrical device that provides VARs when
connected to the busbars
SUMMARY KEY WORDS

4. Reactor
An electric device that absorb VARs when
connected to the busbars
5. Bus
Conductors that connects few circuits together. It
may be flexible conductors or hollow tubes
6. Conductor
Cable, transmission lines that allows power to flow
from one end to the other
SUMMARY KEY WORDS

7. Lightning Arrester
An electrical conductor that only allows lightning
(high transient voltage) to flow to ground
8. Insulator
Fix device that supports, insulate conductors,
busbars and other electrical equipment in
switchyard
9. Rectifier
An electrical device that converts AC power to DC
power
Gas Insulated Substation

SF6 :1. Sulphur hexafluorid (SF6) is a gas that is used in GIS. It
is colourless, odourless, non-flammable, not poisonous
and chemically stable.
2. SF6 is a very good electrical insulator and can
effectively extinguish arcs, which makes high and
medium voltage apparatus filled with SF6 highly
popular.
3. SF6 is 6 times heavier than air. It may collect in cable
ducts or at the bottom of tanks.
4. SF6 is used as an insulating gas in substations, as an
insulating and arc quenching medium in switchgear.

SF6 :5. Gas insulated substation are mainly found in urban
areas where you want them to take up as little room as
possible.
6. The substations reduce the magnetic field and remove
the electrical field completed. This is a real advantage
for installers, maintenance personnel and people who
live in the vicinity of substations.
7. SF6 has a dielectric withstand capacity that is 2.5 times
better than air. At 3-5barg pressure, the dielectric
strength is 10 times better than for air.

SF6 :8. SF6 has been in use for about 40years and the service
experience is very good and virtually maintenance free.
9. SF6 impact on the environment is low.
10. SF6 provides safe working environment for installation,
operations and service personnel.
11. SF6 does not destroy the ozone layer.
12. The contribution of SF6 to the greenhouse effect is less
than 0.1 percent of the total that mankind generates.
13. In SF6-filled switchgear-decomposition products are
created they can be handled safely and are harmless to
the environment.

SF6 :14. All SF6 gas is collected and recycled.
15. SF6 can be cleaned and used again.
16. SF6 can easily be destroyed.
17. There should be no SF6 be released when equipment is
erected, serviced or scrapped.

Operation and Maintenance GIS system :1. Reduce Operating Costs. Achieved through lower SF6
loss and fewer call-outs. Manpower for unnecessary
SF6 top-ups is a large but avoidable cost.
2. Improve Reliability. Achieved through reducing risk
through having fewer live top-ups.
3. Extend equipment life. Achieved through improved gas
quality and improved diagnostics capabilities.
4. Protect the environment through reduced SF6
emissions.
5. Improve Safety. Achieved through effective on-site SF6
analysis and improved safer SF6 Handling Practices.

Operation and Maintenance Handling guides :1. Classifications for switching and non-switching
equipment types along with indoor and outdoor
applications.
2. Risks, warning signs, and written instructions for
various low-, intermediate-, and high-risk situations as
well as abnormal operating conditions.
3. Handling procedures for equipment commissioning,
maintenance, and failure situations, with information on
the use of gas carts for temporary SF6 storage during
maintenance tasks.

Operation and Maintenance Handling guides :4. Personal protective equipment, with emphasis on
clothing and respiratory devices.
5. Disposal and environmental protection practices for
clean and contaminated SF6 gas as well as solid
decomposition products under normal and abnormal
conditions.
6. Cylinder transportation, handling, and storage, focusing
on DOE Regulations.
7. Latest and emerging techniques dealing with utility
related SF6 recycling and analysis issues.
THE END
Copyright by Koh/Cheng
Cheng

AVR Switchyard

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Generation GCO10-P4 - TT10 (Day4)

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Automatic Voltage Regulator

Grid System Voltage Control

Switchyard Equipment and Operating

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

GENERATOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

GENERATOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE

AVR regulates generator terminal voltages by

This is normally known as generator excitation

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Potential Source Excitation System

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Generator Excitation Equipment

The excitation equipment is composed of :- power potential transformer

Power potential transformer provides the power

Power rectifier provides the dc excitation current to

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Generator Excitation Equipment

ac regulator - controls generator terminal voltage

The dc regulator loop is active in the ac regulator

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Potential Source Excitation System

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Causes of Low Voltage

High power transfer

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Causes of High Voltage

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Effects of Low Voltage

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Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Effects of High Voltage

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Use of voltage control equipments

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Four Reasons to Keep Voltage High

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Role of System Operator

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh CL Koh/ TL

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Conditions that must be met in order to

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh Koh / Cheng

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

Bahagaian Penjanaan Ogos 2004 oleh Koh / Cheng

Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)

The number of phases in the