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Physiology

Hearing = neural perception of sound energy


Aspect : what and where
Sound waves : traveling vibration of air,
consist of region of high pressure (caused by
compression of air molecules) alternating with
regions of low pressure (caused by rarefaction
of the molecules)
(disturbance pattern in air molecule produces
sound)
Media : air, water
in water require greater pressures to cause
this disturbance

Gambar 6-32, table 6-5


Sound waves :
Pitch (tone) determined by the frequency of vibration
Intensity (loudness) depends on the amplitude of sound
waves (pressure difference between high and low
pressure)
measured in decibels (dB) logarithmic measure of
intensity compared w/ the hearing threshold
Timbre (quality) : sound depends on its overtones
Tunig fork has a pure tone, most sounds lack of purity
Complex mixture of overtones different sounds to different
instruments playing the same note (ex : trumpet and piano)
Overtones responsible for characteristic differences in voices
We can tell whether it is our mother or girlfriends voice

External ear plays a role


in sound localization
Receptors (for sound) in the fluidfilled inner ear.
Function of External & Middle ear :
airborne sound waves be channeled
into inner ear, compensating loss of
sound energy when pass from air
into water.

External ear plays a role


in sound localization

Pinna (relative immobile) : collects sound waves, and


channels them down the MAE.
Partially shield sound waves that approach the ear from the
rear changing the timbre of sound & distinguish sound
from in front or behind.
From right or left determined by 2 cues :
The sound wave reaches the closer ear slightly before it arrives at the
farther ear.
The sound is less intense at the farther ear (head acts as a sound
barrier partially disrupts the propagation of sound waves)
Cortex of auditory determine the location of the sound source, by
differences in the timing of neural firing patterns (bukan seperti mata
yg mengetahui lokasi benda dari hasil proyeksi perhitungan dari objek
ke retina).
One ear difficult to localize the sound.

Tympanic membrane vibrates


in unison with sound waves in
the external ear
Higher and lower pressure regions of
sound wave eardrum bow inward and
outward in unison with waves frequency.
The resting air pressure on both side of
tympanic membrane must equal For
the membrane to be free to move as
sound waves strike it.

The middle ear bones convert tympanic


membrane vibrations into fluid
movements in the inner ear
Vibratory movements of tympanic membrane
ossicular chain (malleus, incus, stapes), that is set into
motion at the same frequency oval window (same freq
as original sound waves) entrance into fluid-filled
cochlea (greater pressure is required to set fluid in motion).
Tympanic membrane has much larger surface area than oval
window pressure is increased as force exerted on tympanic
membrane is conveyed by ossicles to oval window.
The lever action of the ossicles provides an additional mechanical
advantage.
Increase the force/pressure on the oval window 20x motion of
cochlear fluid

The middle ear bones convert tympanic


membrane vibrations into fluid
movements in the inner ear
Loud sounds (>70dB) muscles in middle
ear contract reflexly (40msec after exposure)
tympanic membrane tighten & limiting
movement of the ossicular chain reduced
movement of middle ear structure diminished
loud sound waves to inner ear (protect the
delicate sensory apparatus from damage from
prolonged loud sound, not from sudden loud
sound, like explosion).

Organ of Corti, the sense organ of


hearing

Hair cells in the Organ of Corti


transduce fluid movement into
neural signals

Pitch discrimination depends on the


region of the basilar membrane that
vibrates

Loudness discrimination depends on


the amplitude of vibration

The auditory cortex is mapped


according to tone

Deafness is caused by defects either


in conduction or neural processing of
sound waves

Sensory system of Inner ear house :


Cochlea : sound waves nerve impulse
Vestibular apparatus : sense of
equilibrium

Equilibrium
vestibular apparatus
Vestibular apparatus = sense of equilibrium and
coordinating head movement
Consists of two sets of structures : (gambar 638a) nj8u
Semicircular canals
Otolith organs (utricule and saccule)

Detects changes in position and motion of the


head
Each contain hair cells respond to mechanical
deformation triggered by specific movements of
the endolymph
Depolarized or hyperpolarized depending on the
direction of the fluid movement

Semicircular canals
Detect rotational or angular acceleration or
deceleration of the head, such as when starting
or stopping spinning, somersaulting, or turning
the head
Receptive hair cells located at ampulla
These hair cells are embedded in cupula
(caplike, gelatinous layer, which protrudes into
the endolymph) gambar 6-38b
Cupula sways in the direction of fluid
movement (just like seaweed in the tide)
gambar 6-39

Hairs of vestibular hair cell consist of


One cillium = kinocillium
20-50 microvilli = stereocilia
Tersusun dengan ketinggian tidak sama
(gambar 6-38 c)

Gambar 6-38 d

Otolith organs

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