INTRODUCTION

There has been a dramatic explosion in human

population.
The number of new humans added to world population
each year and the additional demands for food, energy,
and other resources from our planet are frightening
One of the important barrier for increasing food
production are: Diseases, insects, and weeds.
Crop losses to diseases and insects not only affect
national and World food supplies and economies, but also
affect individual Farmers even more, whether they grow
the crop for direct consumption of for sale.

ULAT API
Kelapa sawit
Setothosea asigna

Ploneta (Darna) bradleyi

Ploneta (Darna)
diducta

Setora nitens

Darna trima

Birthosea bisura

Susica pallida

Oryctes rhinoceros

Busuk Batang Vanili (BBV)

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae

Busuk Sklerotium
Sclerotium rolfsii

Tomato plants wilting as a

result of reduced water
translocation to the leaves due
to infection of the vascular
system by the bacterium
Pseudomonas solanacearum

Vascular system of infected

plants usually turns to brown
due to accumulation of oxidized
phenolics and plant cell
breakdown products

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae

1. Typical leaf lesions are spindle-shaped
2. Attack the stem at the nodes: the sheath pulvinus rots, turn blaskish,
and breaks easily.
3. Attack panicle neck : neck rot occur, few or no seeds

Crater rot on carrot caused

by Rhizoctonia

Scab symptoms on orange fruit

caused by the fungus
Elsinoe fawcetti

Penyakit penyakit penting yang memberikan pengaruh

besar terhadap Kehidupan manusia :
1. Di Eropa mulai tahun 1000 an, penyakit api suci (holy fire); orang
memakan roti dari tepung rye (Secale cereale) yang terserang
jamur Claviceps purpurea, penyakitnya disebut ergotisme:
menyebabkan jari tangan dan kaki, hidung dan telinga bengkakbengkak dan dapat menyebabkan putusnya bagian tubuh tsb,
sehingga menyebabkan kematian. Terutama di Eropa Barat seperti
Perancis dan Belgia.
2. Penyakit hawar daun (late blight dieases) tanaman kentang
disebabkan oleh Phytophthora infestans: di Irlandia pada tahun
1845-1860, menyebabkan 1 juta orang mati kelaparan, dan 1 juta
lainnya mjd imigran ke USA. Juga menyebabkan Jerman kalah
dalam Perang Dunia I, pada tahun 1917. karena tanaman kentang
mati 1/3nya akibat serangan penyakit ini karena bahan tembaga
yang biasanya digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit ini tidak
tersedia akibat digunakan untuk senjata perang.

3. Pada Tahun 1942-1943 di Benggala (Bangladesh), terjadi paceklik

akibat tanaman padi terserang penyakit bercak coklat (Drechslera
oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae) mengakibatkan 2 juta orang
mati kelaparan. Tragedinya terkenal The Great Bengal Famine.
Krn beras dari Myanmar tidak bisa didatangkan karena
pendudukan jepang.
4. Pada tahun 1936-1937, di Afrika Barat, kakoa terserang penyakit
tunas bengkak (Swollen shoot) yang disebabkan oleh vvirus,
menyebabkan produksi kakao turun dari 116 ribu ton menjadi
hanya 64 ribu ton.
5. Setelah perang dunia I, di Amerika Tengah dan Selatan seperti
Brazil, tanaman karet terserang penyakit hawar daun Amerika
Selatan (South American leaf blight) yang disebabkan oleh
Microcyclus ulei. Sehingga industri ban Amerika seperti Ford dan
Goodyear bermasalah.
6. Di Indonesia tahun 1930an adanya penyakit sereh pada tebu yang
kemungkinan disebabkan oleh virus, tetapi penyakit hilang
setelah Balai Penelitian Tebu menemukan varietas tahan yaitu
POJ 2878 yang dikenal tebu ajaib

7. Di Indonesia, abad ke 18 di Jawa terkenal kopi arabika yang dikenal

dengan kopi jawa, tetapi tahun 1880, terserang penyakit karat
daun disebabkan Hamileia vastatrix, kemudian kopi arabika
diganti dengan kopi Liberia, tetapi juga terserang, kemudian
diganti dengan kobi Robusta yang sekarang banyak kita minum.
8. Pada tahun 1970an puluhan ribu ha sawah, padinya terserang
penyakit tungro yang dulu dikenal dengan nama hama mantek
yang disebabkan oleh virus tungro yang disebarkan oleh wereng
hijau (Nephotettix virescens)
9. Tahun 1950an. Di Indonesia tanaman jeruk khususnya jeruk siem
hancur karena seranggan penyakit CVPD (citrus vein phloem
degeration) penyebabnya adalah sejenis mycoplasma/bacterial
like microorganisms, di Sumatera Selatan khususnya di OKI
semua tanaman jeruk hancur. Jeruk keprok Garut dan
Tawangmangu yang lezat menjadi punah.

Pests and diseases problems

Control

Resistant cultivars
New race of pathogen
Not available

Chemical pesticides
Environmental problems
Expensive
Not satisfactory

Alternative control

Biological Control
Yield increase

There were many prominent case related to toxicology pesticides in

the world :
1. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
Silent Spring "Over increasingly large areas of the United States
spring now comes unheralded by the return of birds, and the early
mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the
beauty of bird song." Rachael Carson, 1962, Silent Spring
Book quickly became a best-seller.
Chemical and pesticide industry alarmed by books success and
attacked it.
2. the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms: humans,
animals, and plants. acute effects (e.g., eye and skin irritation,
death) and whether long-term, continual exposure will cause
chronic effects (e.g., impaired liver function, reproductive
abnormalities, cancer).
3.Target pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreak

4.

Residual effect
Chronic effects of pesticides residues on human health is very
dengerous namely for pesticide residues on food
residu pesitisida pada sayuran: penelitian pada sayuran:
mempunyai residu berkisar 0,125-9,5 ppm, melampaui
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) yaitu sebesar 0,001-0,002 ppm,
dan melampau Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) sebesar 0,0450,130 mh/kg.
5. Killing the beneficial organisms
6. Occurring pests and disease resistance to pesticides

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IS THE BEST SOLUTIONS

Defenition
According to Baker and Cook in their book Biological Control of Plant
Pathogens (1974), Biological control is the reduction of inoculum density
or disease-producing activities of a pathogen or parasite in its active or
dormant state, by one or more organisms, accomplished naturally or
through manipulation of the envitonment, host, or antagonist, or by mass
introduction of one or more antagonists.
The objectives of biological control of plant pathogen is the reduction of
disease by:
1. Reduction of inoculumof the pathogen through:
a. decreased survival between crop
b. decreased production or release of viable propagules
c. decreased spread by mycelial growth.
2. Reduction of infection of the host by the pathogen
3. Reduction of severity of attack by the pathogen

Campbell in his book (1989)

Biological control of microbial plant pathogens

Biological control of plant diseases, in its widest sense, is

Any means of controlling disease or reducing the amount or the effect of
pathogens that relies on biological mechanisms or organisms other than
man. It includes
1). Crop rotation and some tillage system and fertilizer practices which
affect microbes
2). The direct addition of microbes antagonistic to pathogens or favourable
to the plant.
3). The use of chemicals to change the microflora
4). Plant breeding, as it is known that changes in the plant genome may
affect disease resistance and also the surface microflora.

In entomologist
Biological control is the action of parasites, predators, or pathogen in
Maintaining another organismss population density at a lower average than
Would occur in their absence
Harry Smith (1919) who defined
biological control as suppression of insect populations by the actions of
Their native or introduced natural enemies
Van Drieasche and Bellow (1996)
The use of parasitoid, predator, pathogen, antagonist, or competitor
Populations to suppress a pest population, making it less abundant and
Thus less damaging than it would otherwise be

THE COMPARATIVE APPROACHETO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT

PATHOGEN AND INSECTS
Biological control of plant pest

Biological control of plant

pathogen

Natural anemies

Predator, parasitoid and

entomopatogen

Antagonist, Plant growth

promotion fungi/rhizobacteria
Non-pathogenic-hipovirulent
microorganisms

Mechanisms

Actively mobile, seek their prey,

Operate on the basis of a single
predator or parasite against a
single prey.

Antibiosis, competition,
hyperparasitism and induced
rsistance. Passive and nonmobile, make accidental contact
with the pathogen and operate in
mixed groups more than as
individuals.

Introduce natural
anemies

Freely introduce foreign

predator and parasites when
native ones is not available

Native antagonists and

attempted to strengthen their
effectiveness by manipulation of
the environment

WHY BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IS IMPORTANT

Biological control could answer many modern agriculture problem and
to be the important component in developing sustainable
agriculture system.
a.

Increasing plant production without changing natural resources

b. Avoiding the development of pathogen resistant to pesticides

Disease resistant to fungisida benomyl: Venturia

inaequalis (scab on aple), Erysiphe cichoracearum (downy

mildew on various cucurbit and Botrytis cinerea

Disease resistance on metalaxyl : Phytophtora infestans

(late blight on potato ); P. paraistica var. nicotiana (black shank

on tobaco) ; Peronospora tabacina (blue mold on tobaco).

c. free-risk of the pollution problem and pesticides residues
d. compatible with sustainable agricultural system
e. Keep biological balance in nature
f. support organic farming

Before 1971, some plant pathologists have hopeful skepticism that

Biological control of plant diseases will ever be more than a novelty
Studied by petri-dish biologist, with little chance of success under
Field conditons. It has been referred to as emperical, unreliable.
It was stated in 1962 as a principle of plant pathology that
biological control plays a minor role in the control of plant disease
In April 7-13, 1963. Very important International symposium was held
in berkeley campus, University of California. The symposium was
Attended 310 participants from 24 countries.
This seminar produce proceeding Ecology of soil-borne plant
Pathogen : Prelude to Biological Control
In 1971, the Symposium in title Biological control Mission
Impossible ? was held in annual meeting of the American Phyto
Pathological Society.

A successful biological control for crown gall has been

developed by Kerr and associates (1973). They demonstrated
that nonpatogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter stran K.84. could
effectively control crown gall caused by Agrobacterium
tumefaciens. This agens strains K84 has been sold commercially
in Australia since 1973.
1974, Scientific book on Biological control was released in title
Biological control of plant pathogens Written by Kenneth F.
Baker and R. James Cook
Cook and Baker again write new book in title
The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant
Pathogens (1983)
Then the biological control developed well

Symposium dan konferensi tentang pengendalian hayati

Simposium pertama yang berhubungan dengan pengendalian hayati
dilakukan di Universitas Kalifornia di Berkeley pada bulan April 1963 yang
dihadiri oleh 24 negara dengan mengeluarkan proceeding dengan judul
Ecology of Soil-Borne Plant pathogens, Prelude to Biological Control.
Selanjutnya seminar ini dilakukan setiap lima tahun.
Tahun 1971 pertemuan tahunan ke 63 di Amerika mempublikasi Biological
Control of Soil-borne Pathogen-Mission Impossible ? dalam jurnal Soil
biology dan Biochemistery.
International symposium Biological Control of Plant Pathogen di Australia
tahun 1974
National Science Foundation Warkshop on Biological Control in Plant
pathology, di Arizona, December 1981.
International symposia on Biological Control of Soilborne Plant pathogen
dan Biological Control of Pathogen of Ornamental Plant pada pertemuan
tahunan di Amerika tahun 1983.
Dan sebagainya symposium tentang pengendalian biologi berkembang
dengan pesat.

AGENS

COMMERSIAL
NAME

TARGET DISEASES

Agrobacterium
radiobacter

Galltrol dan Nogall

Bengkak akar pada buah, kacang-kacangan

dan tanaman hias Agrobacterium
tumefaciens

Bacillus spp.

Companion

Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium dan

Phytophthora di pembibitan

Kodiak

Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani,

Aspergillus, Alternaria spp,pada kapas
dan leguminosa

Serenade

Air-bone disease, seperti powdery mildew

Yieldshied

Penyakit akar yang disebabkan Cendawan

patogen tular tanah

BioTRIBA (Bacillus
pantotkenticus + T.
lactae) *)

Busuk Batang Vanili

Deny

Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium dan

nematoda

Intercept

Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp, dan

Pythium sp.

A. BAKTERIA

Burkholderia

Pseudomonas spp.

Streptomyces spp.

BioJet Spot-less

Dollar spot, antraknose, Pythium aphanidermatum

Bio-Save

Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium spp., Mucor,

Pyroformis, pada buah.

BlighBan A506

Kerusakan akibat pembekuan, Erwinia amylovora,

russed akibat bakteri

Cedomon

Bercak bergaris, net blotch, Fusarium sp. Spot blotch,

bercak daun

Bio-PF*)

Layu Fusarium, Phytium sp, Verticillium alboatrum

dan Alternaria spp.

Actinovate

Soil-borne disease

Mycostop

Fusarium spp., Alternaria brassicola, Phomopsis

spp., Botrytis spp., Pythium spp.,dan Phytophthora
spp.yang menyebabkan penyakit busuk benih, akar
dan batang dan penyakit layu

Plantshield/Rootshield/T-22
Planter box

Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp.,

pada kubis, tomat, mentimun dll.

Soilgard

Penyakit damping-off dan busuk akar yang

disebabkan oleh Rhizoctonia solani dan Pythium spp.

Primastop

Penyakit busuk batang, akar dan benih dan penyakit

layu yang disebabkan oleh pathogen tular tanah

Gliocompost (kompos yang

diinfestasi dengan
Gliocladium spp.) *)

Patogen tular tanah seperti Fusarium spp., dan

Rhizoctonia solani pada tanaman hias, sayuran, dan
buah-buahan.

Bio-GL*)

Phytium spp., P. sclerotioides, R. solani, S.

sclerotiorum

B. FUNGI
Trichoderma
spp./Gliocladium spp.

Ampelomyces
quisqualis

AQ10

Powdery mildew pada anggur, tomat dll

Candida oleophila

Aspire

Botrytis spp.dan Penicillium spp.pada

penyakit lepas panen

Coniothyrium
minitans

Contans WG/Intercept
WG

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum dan S.minor

Myrothecium
verrucaria (killed)

DiTera

Nematoda parasit

Nonpatogenik
Fusarium

BIO-FOB*)

Busuk Batang Vanili

Note : *) Biopesticides which released in Indonesia.

Contoh biopestisida yang

dijual dipasaran di USA

Diantara produk biopestisida

untuk yang terdaftar di United StateEnvironmental Protection Agency dan sudah
dijual dipasaran USA :
RootShield; Soil Gard;YieldShield, AQ10,
Aspire, Constans WG/Intercept WG,
DiTera; Galltrol, Nogall,Companion;
HiStick N/T; Kodiak; Serenede;Deny;
Intercept WG; Bio-Save, BlightBan,
Cedomon; Actinovate; Mycostop;
Agen pengendalian biologi dipasaran
yang terdaftar di United StateEnvironmental Protection Agency :
Cendawan:
Trichoderma spp./Gliocladium spp.,
Candida oleophila, Ampelomyces quisqualis,
Coniothyrium minitans, Myrothecium
verrucaria
Bakteri:
Bacillus spp., Agrobacterium radiobacter,
Pseudomonas spp., dan Streptomyces spp.

MIKROORGANISME ENTOMOPATOGENIK PADA Ulat

Pemakan Daun Kelapa Sawit

PENGGUNAAN JAMUR Metarhizium anisopliae

UNTUK PENGENDALIAN LARVA Oryctes rhinoceros
PADA MULSA TKS

Biakan massal
jamur
PENABURAN
JAMUR

2-4 MSA