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DISORDERS
NEUROSCIENCE AND
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
NEUROSCIENCE
1. NEUROANATOMY
2. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
3. NEUROCHEMISTRY
4. NEUROPATHOLOGY
5. NEURO - PHARMACOLOGY ?
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
6. CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
FK Neurophysiology Smt IV
18 & 21 04 2011
K.KARNA
FK
Neurophysiology
18&21 042011
K.Karna
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
INFORMATION
EXTERNA
L
INPUT
ENVIRONTME
NT
INTERNA
L
EXTERN
AL
PERCEPTI
ON
BIT/SE
C
OUTPUT
ENVIRONMENT
BIT/SE
C
BIT/SE
C
SENSORY DIVISION
DIVISION
MOTOR
INTERNA
L
INFORMASI
ORGANIZATION OF THE
NS
C. CNS SYNAPSE
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
TYPE OF SYNAPSES
PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE SYNAPSE
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT FUNCTION AS
SYNAPTIC TRANSMITTER
ELECTRICAL EVENTS DURING NEURONAL
EXCITATION AND NEURONAL INHIBITION
SPECIAL FUNCTION OF DENDRITES IN EXCITING
NEURONS
RELATION OF STATE OF EXCITATION OF THE
NEURON TO RATE OF FIRING
SOME SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNAPTIC
TRANSMISSION
TRANSMIS
CELL OF THE NS
NEURONAL PHYSIOLOGY
a)
b)
c)
d)
a) CELL OF THE NS
1. 1 Neuron : Basic structural and functional unit of the NS
A. Neuronal structure
a. The Cell body
b. The Dendrites
c. The axon
B. Functional type
a. Sensory neuron (afferent)
b. Interneuron
c. Motor neuron (efferent)
CELLS OF THE NS
CNS :
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
PNS
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
NEURONE :
BASIC STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL
UNIT OF
THE NS
Figure 2 : NEURONE
1. NEURONE and
NEUROGLIA
NEUROGLI
A
2. Nerve fibers
Fibe
r
Function
type
Fiber
diame
ter
(m)
Conducti
on
velocity
(m/s)
12-20
70-120
5-12
30-70
Spike
duration
(ms)
Absolute
refractory
periode
(ms)
0.4-0.5
0.4 -1
B
C
dors
al
root
Proprioception;
somatic motor
Touch; pressure;
Motor
Motor to muscle
spindles
Pain; cold; touch
Preganglionic
autonomic
3-6
15-30
2-5
12-30
<3
3-15
1.2
1.2
0.4-1.2
0.5-2
Pain, temp.,
some mechano
reception, reflex 0.3-1.3
0.7-2.3
Sym Responses
path Postganglionic
etic
S
Table 2-1 Nerve
fiber types in mammalian
nerve
Number
Origin
Ia
Ib
II
III
IV
Fiber Type
A
A
A
A
Dorsal root C
Most
susceptible
Intermediate
Least
susceptible
Hypoxia
B
A
Pressure
A
B
Local
C
B
anaesthetics
Table 2.3 Relative susceptibility of mammalian A, B, and C
fibers to conduction block produced by varous agents
C
C
A
Nerve
Soma cell
ORTHODROMIC
ORTHODROMIC
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
Terminal axon
b) Electrical Activity in
Neuron
1. (INPUT
ZONE)
AXON HILLOCK
ELECTRICAL PHYSIOLOGY
SINGLE
STIMULUS
INTENSITY
Subthreshold
- Threshold
- Submaximal
- Maximal
Supramaximal
(Depolarize stimuli)
SPATIAL SUMMATION
A.
2
C.CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Exteroceptive sensations
2. Proprioceptive sensations
3. Visceroseptive sensations
4. Enteroceptive sensations
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX:
Elicit a reflex respons, alter behaviour, or produce a
conscious sensation
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Visceroceptors
Enteroceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Anterolateral system
1.Pain
2.Thermal sensation including both
warm and cold sensastion
3.Crude touch and pressure sensation
capable of onlycrude localizing ability
on the surface of the body
4.Tickle and itch sensations
5.Sexual sensation
Thalamus
(Medulla, Pons,Cerebellum, Mescencephalon)
Reticular Substance
Spinal cord
SENSORY PATHWAY IN CNS (TRACT)
SENSORY PATHWAY TO CNS (NERVE)
SENSORY RECEPTORS
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STIMULI
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
RESEPTORS
UNCONCIOUS INFORMATION - PROPRIOCEPTIVE INFO.
CONCIOUS INFORMATION VISUAL AND CUTANEOUS
INFO.
MOTOR OUTPUT
REFLEXIVE OR INVOLUNTARY
VOLUNTARY
CONTROL OF AXIAL & DISTAL MUSCLE
MEDIAL OR VENTRAL PATHWAYS
- CONTROL MUSCLE OF THE TRUNK AND PROXIMAL PORTIONS OF THE
LIMBS (FLEXOR)
- POSTURAL ADJUSMENTS AND GROSS MOVEMENT.
e.g VENTRAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT AND MEDIAL DESCENDING PATHS
FROM BRAIN STEM (THE TECTOSPINAL,RETICULOSPINAL AND
VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACTS) - ADJUSMENTS OF PROXIMAL MUSCLE AND
POSTURE.
LATERAL PATHWAYS
- DISTAL PORTIONS OF THE TRUNK
- FINE AND SKILLED MOVEMENT
e.g LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT AND RUBROSPINAL TRACT DISTAL LIMB
MUSCLE PARTICULARLY LAT,CORTICOSPINAL TRACT. SKILL VOLUNTARY
MOVEMENT
PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM, UPPER MOTOR NEURON AND LOWER
MOTOR NEURON
CEREBRAL CORTEX
THALAMUS
BASAL NUCLEI
CEREBELLUM
RED NUCLEUS
RUBROSPINAL TR
BRAIN STEM
RETICULAR
CORTICOSPINAL TR.
FORMATION
VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS
RETICULOSPINAL TR
LOWER MOTOR NEURON
VESTIBULOSPINAL TR
ANS
Skeletal
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, gland
PROCESSING OF INFORMATION
STORAGE OF INFORMATION
SUBCORTICAL
SPINAL
CORD
1. CORTICAL LEVEL
PERCEPTION SENSORY SIGNAL AND
MOTORIK SIGNAL VOLUNTARY
2.
3.
PARIETO-OCCIPITO-TEMPORAL AREA
1. The posterior parietal area the spatial coordinates for all parts of the
contralateral side of the body.
2. Wernickes area language comprehension
3. Area in the angular gyrus the initial processing of visual language (reading)
4. Anterior part of the occipital lobe for naming objects
Prefrontal association area to plan complex patterns and sequens
movement
Brocas area involved in the motor aspects of speech and receive input from
Wernickes.
It provides output to the nearby motor cortex that controls the muscles
required for speech production
1. Limbic association cortex (include anterior pole of temporal lobe,ventral
aspect of the frontal lobe and a portion of the cingulate cortex) the complex
processes of emotional and motivational behaviour- connected with limbic
system(hypothalamus,amygdala,and hipocampus
1. Facial recognition area ventromedial surfaces of the occipital and temporal
lobes
MEMORY TRACES
HABITUATION
MEMORY SENSITIZATION
MEMORY
- SHORT TERM MEMORIES
- INTERMEDIATE LONG TERM MEMORY
- LONG TERM MEMORY
B. 2 SUBCORTICAL LEVEL
BAGIAN NON
LECT.REFLEX TASK 17
24102007
REFLEX
REFLEKS
DEFINISI : RESPONS SS YANG TIDAK DISADARI,
AUTOMATIS TERHADAP SUATU RANGSANG
SENSORIK INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL
JALUR / LINTASAN YANG BERPERAN DALAM
AKTIVITAS REFLEKS LENGKUNGAN REFLEKS
(REFLEKS ARC)
1. RECEPTOR SENSORIK
2. NEURON AFEREN
3. PUSAT INTEGRASI / SINAPS
4. NEURON EFEREN
5. EFEKTOR
REFLEKS
INERVASI RECIPROCAL (
PERSARAFAN TIMBAL
BALIK ) : AGONIST DAN
ANTAGONIS
MACAM REFLEKS
SUPERFICIAL
REFLEXES
AFFERENT
CENTER
EFFERENT
1. CORNEA
2. NASAL
3.PHARINX,UVU.
4.UPPER ABDM
5 LOWER ABDM.
6.CREMASTER
7. PLANTAR
8. ANAL
V
V
IX
Th7,8,9,19
Th10,11,12
FEMORAL
N.TIBIALIS
PUDENDAL
PONS
BRAINSTEM
MEDULLA /MO
Th7,8,9,10 MS
Th10.11,12 MS
L1
S I,2
S1,2
VII
V,VII,IX,X
X
Th 7,8,9,10
Th 10,11,12
GENITOFEMOR
N.TIBIAL
N.PUDENDAL.
V
Musculocutaneous
RADIAL
RADIAL
MEDIAN
RADIAL
FEMORAL
TIBIAL
PONS
C 5, 6
C 6,7
C 6,7,8
C 6,7,8
C7,8
L2,3,4
S 1,2
V
MUSC.CUTANEUS
RADIAL
RADIAL
MEDIAN
RADIAL
FEMORAL
TIBIAL
DEEP REFLEXES
1.JAW
2.BICEPS
3.TRICEPS
4.PRIOSTEORADIAL
5.WRIST-FLEXI
6.WRIST EXTENSI
7.PATELLAR
8.ACHILLES
VISCERAL
REFLEXES
AFFERENT
CENTER
EFFERENT
1.LIGHT
2.ACOMMODATION
3.CILIOSPINAL
4.OCULARCARDIAC
5.CAROTID SINUS
6.BULBOCAVERNOS.
7.BLADDER , RECTAL
II
II
SENSORIS Th I,2
V
IX
PUDENDAL
PUDENDAL
MIDBRAIN
OCCIPIT.CORT
Th 1,2
MO
MO
S 2, 3, 4
S 2, 3, 4
III
III
CERVICAL S.
X
X
PELVIC ANS
PUDENDAL &
ANS
SYNAPSE
TYPE OF SYNAPSE
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
CHARACTRISTIC OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
1. One way conduction
2. IPSP and EPSP Neurotransmitter
3. Synaptic delay
4. Fatigue
5. Effect acidosis and alkalosis
6. Effect of hypoxia: cessation of O2 in a few second
inexcitability and then 3 to 7 second the person become
conscious.
7. Effect of drug: coffe, tea, and cocoa (cafein, theophyllin,
theobromine) increase neuronal excitability. Glycine
(inhibitory effect), anaesthetic.
8. Special functions of dendrites in exciting neuron:
- Large spatial field of excitation of the dendrites (80-95%),
5 20% in neuronal soma
- most dendrite cannot transmit AP but they can transmit
signal by
electronic conduction
SECOND MESSENGER
SYSTEM. Transmitter
substance activated G
protein to Release G
protein 4 effects
1.Opening ion channel
2. Activating an enzyme
in
neuronal mb.
3.Activating an
intracellular
enzyme system
4. Causing gene
transcription
NEUROPEPTIDE, SLOWLY
ACTING TRANSMITTERS OR
GROWTH FACTOR
Class I:
Acetylcholine
Class II: The amines
Nor Epinephrine (NE)
Epinefrin (E)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Histamine
Class III: Aminoacids
amino-butyricacids (GABA)
Glysine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Class IV
Nitric Oxide (NO)
TERIMAKASIH
INDEPENDENT LEARNING
1.
2.
3.
LEARNING TASK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.