Steel

structures

SUKHDARSHAN

WHAT ARE STEEL

STRUCTURES ?
A structure which is made from organised combination of structural
STEEL members designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity
Steel structures involve a sub-structure or members in a building made
from structural steel.
WALT DISNEY CONCERT
HALL,US

Some famous steel

structures areTYNE BRIDGE,UK

HOWRAH
BRIDGE,INDIA

ELEMENTS IN A STEEL
STRUCTURE
Structural member is physically
distinguishable part of structure with
independent structural function, e.g.
member
elements,cable,beams,sections etc

ADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL IN

STRUCTURES
High strength
The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per
unit weight)
Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
Withstand extensive deformation without failure
even under high
tensile stress.
Elasticity, uniformity of material
Predictability of properties, close to design
assumption
Ease of fabrication and speed of erection

STEEL
Thespecific strengthis a
material'sstrength (force per unit area at
failure)divided by itsdensity. It is also
known as thestrength-to-weight
ratioorstrength/weight ratio. In fiber
or textile applications

MOST IMPORTANT
Steel structures facilitate ease of fabrication
and faster erection of structure .Bolts and
welding employed for joining .

DISADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL IN A

STRUCTURE
Susceptibility to corrosion
Maintenance costs / thin-walled structure
Bucling
Loss of strength at elevated temperature
phenomenon
Fireproofing costs
Susceptibility to buckling
Fatigue and brittle fracture

Where & when use steel structures?

1) Long-span structures
2)Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
3) Buildings of heavy duty plants
4)Tower & mast structures
5)Portal frames
6)Bridges
7)Infrastructures
8)Deployable structures
9)Generalized structures: mechanical

HOWRAH BRIDGE
When commissioned in 1943, Howrah was the 3rd-longest
cantilever bridge in the world

STEEL MARVEL

OF INDIA

What Is a cantilever
bridge?

General Terms
1) Rivets are a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being
installed a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a
head on one end.
2) A paneljointis a point of connection
betweentwoormoremembersofatruss.
Alsocallednode.

3
3) Agirderis a supportbeamused
inconstruction.Girders often have anI-beamcross
sectionfor strength.
4) APin and Hangerassembly is used to connect
twoplate girdersof bridges. These assemblies are
used when the space between two bridge piers is
too wide to be spanned by a single set of girders

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Strings are projections
used for supporting the
deck of a bridge
4)

5
5) Abridge deckorroad bedis the
roadway, or the pedestrian walkway, surface
of abridge. It is not to be confused with
anydeckof a ship

6
6) Anexpansion jointormovement jointis an assembly
designed to safely absorb theheat-induced expansionand
contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to
hold parts together, or to allow movement due to ground
settlement or earthquakes

7) Movement occurs for many different reasons,

including variations in climate or temperature,
movement in the frame and movement in the
foundations. Articulation joints are tied at specific
intervals and sealed with filler.

8
8) Mild steel, also calledplain-carbon steel, is the most
common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it
provides material properties that are acceptable for many
applications, more so thaniron. Low-carbon steel contains
approximately 0.050.3% carbon

9
9) AnI-beam, also known asH-beam is abeamwith anI- or Hshapedcross-section. The horizontal elements of the I"
areflanges, while the vertical element is termed the "web".
The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of
the bending moment experienced by the beam.Beam
theoryshows that theI-shaped section is a very efficient form
for carrying bothbendingandshearloads in the plane of the
web

Construction

TECHNICAL DETAILS
1) Official name- Rabindra Setu
2) Carries -8 lanes of Strand Road, pedestrians and bicycle path
3) Crosses -Hooghly River
4) Locale -Howrah and Kolkata
5) Maintained by- Kolkata Port Trust
6) Designer -Rendel, Palmer and Tritton
7) Design -Suspension type Balanced Cantilever
8) Material -Steel(MILD)
9) Span-705 m (2,313.0 ft)
10) Width -71 ft (21.6 m) with two footpaths of 15 ft (4.6 m) on either
side[5]
11) Height -82 m (269.0 ft)
12) Longest span -1,500 ft (457.2 m)
13) Vertical clearance -5.8 m (19.0 ft)
14) Clearance below -8.8 m (28.9 ft)
15) Construction begin -1936

Bridge Details
Bridge type : Suspension type Balanced Cantilever
Total span - 2,313.0 ft.
Anchor arms of 325ft each side
Main towers are 280ft high above the monoliths and 76 ft apart at the top
Bridge deck width 71 ft with two footpaths of 15 ft either side
Longest span- 1,500ft. (457.2m)
Main span- 1663 ft.
Freeboard for river traffic is 8.8 m
Other features of the Bridge
All members of the super structure comprise built up riveted sections with a
combination of high tensile and mild steel
Deck hangs from panel points in the lower chord of the main trusses with a series
of hangers(39 pairs)
Road way beyond the tower is supported on ground leaving anchor arm free from
deck loads
Bridge deck comprises 71 ft carriage way and 15 ft footway projecting either side

More about the Bridge

The deck system consists of cross girders hung between pairs of
hangers with pinned connection.
Six rows of longitudinal stringer girders span between cross girder.
Floor joists supported transversely on top of stringers.
They support a continuous pressed steel troughing system.
Over which deck concrete is laid out.
Joint System of Bridge (Expansion Joints)
Longitudinal expansion and lateral sway movement of the deck are
taken care of by expansion and articulation joints.
There are two main expansion joints, one at each interface between
the suspended span and the cantilever arms.
There are expansion joints at the towers and at the interface of steel
and concrete structures at both approach.

 Articulation Joints
There are total 8 articulation joints.
3 at each of the cantilever arms.
2 in the suspended portions.
They divide the bridge into segments with vertical pin connection betweenthem to
facilitate rotational movements of the deck.

Camber and Traffic clearance

Bridge deck has longitudinal ruling gradient of 1 in 40 from either endThey are joined
by a vertical curve of radius 4000 ft.
Cross gradient of deck is 1 in 48 between kerbs and central 4.9mtr. islevel to provide
tramway housing channel in between troughing.

Foundation
The main tower is founded with single monoliths which are 55.31 x 24.8 m in plan
with 21 chambers
Monoliths at Calcutta and Howrah side are founded31.41 m and 26.53 m in below
ground level respectively.
Minimum headroom in carriageway is 5.8 m

THANK YOU