Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2014
By
P. Kanthasamy
Principal Technical Officer
Environmental Technology Division
CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute
Adyar, Chennai- 600 020
Email:samyji@gmail.com
Mobile:9445587722
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Sone-A measure of loudness. One sone can be approximated as the loudness of a quiet
refrigerator at a distance of 5 feet. Sones follow a linear scale, that is, 10 sones are twice as
loud as 5 sones.
BHP-Brake Horsepower. A measure of power consumption. Used to determine the proper
motor horsepower and wiring.
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TS- Tip Speed. The speed of the tip of a fan wheel or prop measured in feet per minute.
AMCA- Air Movement & Control Association. A nationally recognized association which
establishes standards for fan testing and performance ratings. AMCA also license air volume
and sound certified ratings.
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BACKGROUND
Thermal power plant has several fans such as Induced draft
(ID) fans, Forced draft (FD) Fans, Primary air fans (PA
fans). These fans contribute to significant auxiliary power
consumption. ID fans alone contribute to about 12% of total
auxiliary power consumption
Steps Involved
Data collection
Observations and
Analysis
Exploration for energy
conservation measures
Report preparation
ID Fan System
DATA COLLECTION
Collect detailed design specification & operating parameters
Fans Parameters ( FD, ID and PA Fan )
DATA COLLECTION
Collect detailed design specification & operating parameters
Fans Parameters ( FD, ID and PA Fan )- contd
DATA COLLECTION
Details of the fans and ducting system:
Collect the schematic diagram / network of the
ducting system
Collect Performance characteristics of all fans
Compile design, Performance Guarantee Test,
previous best and last energy audit values with
respect to fans and draft system which include
excess air
If the fans are operated in parallel then it is
advised to collect the performance curve for the
parallel operation
Air quality and pressure equipments at the users
as per the design requirements
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electrical parameters such as
kW, kVA, pf, V, A and Hz
Temperature Indicator & Probe
Stroboscope: To measure the speed of the driven equipment and
motor
Sling hygrometer or digital hygrometer
Anemometer
On line instruments (calibrated)
Digital Manometer of suitable range and appropriate probes for
measurement of pressure head and velocity head.
Pitot tubes
Additional pressure gauges with appropriate range of
measurement and calibrated before audit.
FAN LAWS
Flow ?x Speed
Q1 N 1
Q2 N 2
Varying the RPM by 10%
decreases or increases air
delivery by 10%.
Pressure ?x (Speed)2
SP1 N 1
SP 2 N 2
Power ?x (Speed)3
kW 1 N 1
kW 2 N 2
Velocity pressure
Pressure arising from air flowing through the duct. This is
used to calculate velocity
Total pressure
Static pressure + velocity pressure
Total pressure remains constant unlike static and velocity
pressure
Details
Unit
m 3/ s
Static pressure
mmwc
kW
Input kW to motor
kW
Total pressure
mmwc
Velocity in m / s =
273 X 1.293
273 + Air temperature in 0 C
Parameter Details
Unit
Cp
0.85 or as given
by manufacturer
Kg / m3
Flow control
Recirculation
Damper
100
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IGV
75
50
VFD
25
Ideal
25
50
75
Flow
100
EXPLORATION OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION POSSIBILITIES
Improvement of systems and drives:
Use of energy efficient fans
Change of impeller with energy efficient impeller
Correcting inaccuracies of the fan sizing
Use of high efficiency motors
Fan speed reduction by pulley diameter modifications for optimisation
Option of two speed motors or variable speed drives for variable duty
conditions
High Performance Lubricants: The low temperature fluidity and high
temperature stability of high performance lubricants can increase energy
efficiency by reducing frictional losses
Use of energy efficient transmission systems (Use of latest energy
efficient transmission belts)
EXPLORATION OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION POSSIBILITIES
Improvement in operations:
Minimising excess air level in combustion systems to reduce FD fan
and ID fan load.
Minimising air in-leaks in hot flue gas path to reduce ID fan load and
cold air in-leaks
Minimising system resistance and pressure drops by
improvements in duct system / Insulation aspects
PROBLEM
Component
Percent by Mass
Sulfur
0.6
Hydrogen
5.7
Carbon
79.2
Oxygen
10.0
Nitrogen
1.5
Ash
3.0
This coal is to be burned with 30% Excess Air. Calculate the Airfuel ratio on a mass basis.
SOLUTION
The combustion equations for the combustible elements are now written
which enables us to find the theoretical oxygen required.
S+ O2
SO2
0.02S + 0.02 O2
0.02 SO2
H2 + 1/2O2
H2O
2.85H+2.85/2 O2
2.85 H2O
C+O2
CO2
Total Oxygen Required
6.60C+ 6.60O2
6.60CO2
=0.02+1.42+6.60=8.04
8.04 kmol O required /100kg of fuel
For S = 0.02
Total Oxygen required
0.31 kmol O is available in fuel /100
H2 = 1.42
kg
8.04-.31= 7.73 kmol
C = 6.60
2
2
SOLUTION