Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Drawing
Part Drawings:
Detail drawings completely describe a single part with multiview
orthographic projections.
Should provide all the information necessary to economically
manufacture a high quality part.
Assembly Drawings:
Assembly drawings are used to show the position and functional
relationship of parts in an assembly, also via multiview orthographic
projections.
Generally they have no dimensions on them.
Parts are 'balloon' identified and referenced to either detail drawing
numbers or catalog numbers, via a Bill of Materials (BOM)
Drawing Number
A reference which identifies the drawing within the job and organization
Revision Number
Only used if changes are made to the drawing after it has been initially published
Should increment with each revision (e.g. 1,2,3, or A,B,C, )
Details of each revision should be kept in Revision Table, in Notes area (see later)
Issue Number
Should be unique to each paper copy of the drawing that is made (may be written in by hand after printing)
An Issue Book should show details of who the particular drawing was issued to, and when it was issued
Scale
Express as ratio drawing unit : real world unit
Scales other than those above should only be used in exceptional circumstances (ensure that
sensible numbers are used, e.g. 1:2500, not 1:2384)
Check that the scale on the printed drawing is correct this is very important (measure it)
Different parts of the drawing may be to different scales state the main scale in the Title Block,
and other scales next to the relevant drawing part
Date
The date of the original drawing (later revisions will have their own date noted with the details of the
revision)
Drawn By
The name or initials of the (principal) person who created the drawing
For student assignments, this should normally be your Student ID Number (HEMIS Number)
Approval Signature
The original drawing should be checked and approved by a competent person
Later revisions have their own approval signatures (see Notes and Revisions Table)
Notes
A separate area, not part of the Title Block (see Location, later)
Include relevant notes, e.g.:
All dimensions in mm
All levels in meters
Do not scale off drawing if in doubt, ask
May also include a key to symbols used in the drawing
May include a Location Figure (a small drawing which shows the location of the main drawing
relative to a larger area)
Should also include a Revisions Table
Revisions Table
In Notes area
The table may be upside down (with column headings in the bottom row)
Location
Title Block should be in the bottom right-hand corner for easy searching of required drawing in a
collection of drawings
Notes should be vertically above, or horizontally to the left of the Title Block (Notes are not always
necessary)
Folding a Drawing
See extract from British Standard on the Engineering Communications unit web (BS 1192:Part
1:1984)
The BS shows how to fold a drawing to ensure that the Title Block is always visible
The folding method allows drawings to be placed in a ring binder file and opened for viewing without
removing the drawing from the file
All paper sizes from A3 to A0 are included
Line fonts:
100
20
Lettering:
Viewer
II
I
Object
Viewer
III
IV
Viewer
II
Object
Viewer
III
IV
Viewer
II
Viewer
Object
III
IV
Viewer
II
Viewer
Object
III
IV
TOP
FRONT
RIGHT SIDE
Third Angle
First Angle
Fig.
1
Fig.
2
Orthographic views
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Exploded Views
Sectional views
Brocken-out Section
CONVENTIONAL BREAKS
Conventional Breaks are a way of depicting a very
long object without showing the entire length. It is
often used for objects like rods, tubing/piping or
wooden objects
Revolved Sections
Revolved sections are cross sections of an elongated
form or object rotated toward the plane of projection to
show its shape or contour. Drop a cutting plane
perpendicular to the axis of the object and revolve the
plane 90-degrees around a centerline and at a right
angle to the axis. Retain the true shape of the revolved
section regardless of the direction of the lines in the view.
Superimpose the revolved section over the view and
remove all original surface lines.
More examples
Removed Sections
A removed section is a section or partial section
not directly projected from the view containing
the cutting plane and not revolved or turned
from its normal orientation. A removed
section does not align with any other view, but,
sometimes appears on centerlines extended
from the section cuts. Use removed sections
to show small details and to facilitate
dimensioning.
This reason, they are often drawn in
enlarged scale. Label removed sections
alphabetically from left to right on the drawing
and corresponding to the letters at the end of
the cutting plane line. Precede the letters with
the abbreviation SECT or SECTION. To
avoid confusion, do not use the letters I, O,
and Q. When you draw the removed section
enlarged, indicate the larger scale beneath the
section title.
Aligned Sections
Offset Sections
An offset section results when you bend the cutting plane to show
internal features that are not in a straight line. The offsets or bends
in the cutting plane never show in the sectional view. Cutting plane
lines in an offset section appear as thick, dashed lines.
Sand
Steel
Magnesium, Aluminum
Titanium
Concrete
Water, Liquids
Surface finish
Direction of lay:
Machining Allowance
Process
Flame Cutting
Snagging
Sawing
Planing, Shaping
Drilling
Chemical Milling
Elect. Discharge Mach.
Milling
Broaching
Reaming
Electron Beam
Laser
Electro-Chemical
Boring, Turning
Barrel Finishing
Electrolytic grinding
Roller Burnishing
50
25
12.5
(2000) (1000) (500)
6.3
(250)
3.2
(125)
1.6
(63)
0.8
(32)
0.4
(16)
0.2
(8)
0.1
(4)
0.05
(2)
0.025
(1)
0.012
(0.5)
Roughness Average
Micrometers m
(Micro inches in.)
Process
50
25
12.5
(2000) (1000) (500)
6.3
(250)
3.2
(125)
1.6
(63)
0.8
(32)
0.4
(16)
0.2
(8)
0.1
(4)
0.05
(2)
0.025
(1)
0.012
(0.5)
Grinding
Honing
Electro-Polish
Polishing
Lapping
Superfinishing
Sand Casting
Hot Rolling
Forging
Perm Mold Casting
Investment Casting
Extruding
Cold Rolling, Drawing
Die Casting
Roughness Average
Micrometers m
(Micro inches in.)
Welding symbol
Drawing Notes
Local Notes
4X
8.20
M10 X 1.25
82 CSK
10
1.5 X 45 CHAM
Arrowheads
R 8.5
Of the four different arrowhead types that are authorized by the national
standard, ASME Y14.2M 1994, a filled arrowhead is the highest
preference.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
1.75
There should be a
visible gap (~1.5 mm)
between the object lines
and the beginning of
each extension line.
1.06
Dimensions should be placed outside the actual part outline. Dimensions should not be placed within the part
boundaries unless greater clarity would result.
2.562
Arrows in / dimension in
1.250
.750
.500
When there is not enough room between the extension lines to accommodate either the dimension value or
the dimension lines they can be placed outside the extension lines as shown in the fourth example
Dimensioning
Types of Dimensioning:
Parallel Dimensioning:
Parallel dimensioning consists of
originating from one projection line.
several
dimensions
Chain Dimensioning:
Chains of dimension should only be used if the function of the
object won't be affected by the accumulation of the
tolerances. (A tolerance is an indication of the accuracy the
product has to be made to. Tolerance will be covered later in
this chapter).
Combined Dimensions:
A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel
dimensioning.
Dimensioning by Co-ordinates:
Two sets of superimposed running dimensions running at
right angles can be used with any features which need their
centre points defined, such as holes.
Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except for those dimensions specifically identified as reference,
maximum, minimum, or stock (commercial stock size). The tolerance may be applied directly to the
dimension (or indirectly in the case of basic dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located in a
supplementary block of the drawing format
Dimensioning and tolerance shall be complete so there is full understanding of the characteristics of each
feature. Neither scaling (measuring the size of a feature directly from an engineering drawing) nor
assumption of a distance or size is permitted
Each necessary dimension of an end product shall be shown. No more dimensions than those necessary
for complete definition shall be given. The use of reference dimensions on a drawing should be
minimized
Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating relationship of a part and shall
not be subject to more than one interpretation
The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing methods
Dimensions should be arranged to provide required information for optimum readability. Dimensions
should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible outlines
Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials manufactured to gage or code numbers
shall be specified by linear dimensions indicating the diameter or thickness. Gage or code
numbers may be shown in parentheses following the dimension
A 90o angle applies where center lines and lines depicting features are shown on a drawing
at right angles and no angle is specified
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at 20C (68F). compensation may
be made for measurements made at other temperatures
All dimensions and tolerances apply in a free state condition. This principle does not apply
to non-rigid parts
Reference Dimensions
2.250
1.000
(.750)
.500
.500
1.250
.500
(.750)
Location of Dimensions
Shorter (intermediate) dimensions are placed closest to the outline of the part, followed by dimensions of
greater length. Dimensions nearest the object outline should be at least .375 inches (10 mm) away from the
object, and succeeding parallel dimension lines should be at least .250 inches (6 mm) apart.
.250 (6mm)
Minimum Spacing
4.375
1.438
1.250
1.000
.375 (10mm)
Minimum Spacing
1.875
1.062
.688
2.312
1.250
1.000
1.875
1.062
.688
2.312
Extension lines should not cross dimension lines if avoidable
1.250
1.438
1.000
1.875
1.062
.688
2.312
4.375
BETTER
1.375
.625 THRU
.250
.62
1.375
.250
x .62 DP
Diameter Dimensions
Shafts and Holes
1.25
.75
2.00
18
3X
6X
.562
.188
18
3.50
.875
18
18
18
18
Radial Dimensions
To indicate the size of fillets, rounds, and radii
R.312
R14.25
R.750
R.312
R.562
Angular Dimensions
To indicate the size of angular details appearing as either
angular or linear dimensions.
92
92
Length of Chord
35
90
or
103
Length of Arc
2
x
45
2 x 45
or
2 x 2 CHAM
Chamfers
or
63
50
63
95
Alternate
.250 THRU
.12 X 45
CHAMFER
.375
CSK .562 X 82
Drilled Holes
Normally specified by
diameter and depth (or
THRU note used).
45
12.5
14 THRU
25
90
50
12.5
12
2x 12 THRU
32
Specify reaming if
accuracy/finish
is
important.
25
90
12
EXAMPLE
.625
.375
.625
OR
.375
* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.
EXAMPLE
.375
.562 X 90
* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.
Counterbore Symbol*
EXAMPLE
.312
.375
.562
.312
.562
.375
OR
* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.
12.5
2x
8.8 THRU
14 C BORE x 8.2 DP
50
32
25
90
12.5
Flat Head
12
2x
8.8 THRU
15 C SUNK X 90
50
32
25
90
12
Screw Threads
M 16 x 2
M 16 x 2 - 4h - 5H
ISO metric
designation
Nominal
Diameter
(mm)
Thread
Pitch(mm)
Class of fit
of mating thread (optional)
Class of fit
of this thread
(optional)
3/4 - 10 - UNC
3/4 - 10 - UNC - 2A
Nominal
Diameter
(inches)
Threads
per inch
Thread Series
UNC = Unified Coarse
UNF = Unified Fine
Example
Assembly
Base
'A'
'A'
3 - M12
Hex. Screws
Lid
Section 'A'-'A'
Base
Detail
'A'
'A'
3 Holes
10.3x 25 DP
M12x1.75 x 15 DP MIN
EQ SP on 120 PD
Section 'A'-'A'
'A'
'A'
3Holes
12.7THRU
EQSPon 120PD
Section 'A'-'A'
Dimensioning strategy:
Tolerances
Specific Tolerances
Specific Tolerances indicate a special situation that cannot be covered by the
general tolerance.
Specific tolerances are placed on the drawing with the dimension and have
traditionally been expressed in a number of ways:
+0.05
40 - 0.03
Bilateral Tolerance
40.01 +0.04
40.05
39.97
Unilateral Tolerance
Limit Dimensions
a Tolerance = 0.08 mm
Manufacturing must ensure that the dimensions are kept within
the limits specified. Design must not over specify as tolerances
have an exponential affect on cost.
Assembly Drawing
Assembly Drawings: The assembly /sub-assembly drawings are drawings of discrete
sub-systems showing in some detail how the component items fit together. Typical
assembly drawings include gearbox drawings, roller drawings, guard system
drawings.
Typical assembly drawing contains the following;
At least three orthographic views with sections as needed to clearly show all of
the details and their relative positions.
Overall and detail dimensions
The weight/mass of the assembly/sub-assembly will be noted.
A parts list identifying all of the component details with quantities and materials
and supply details.
A list of reference drawings and notes identifying the relevant codes and
specifications and testing requirements.
Include a note explaining the required assembly operation and give the
dimensions for the alignment or location of the pieces.
An assembly drawing should not be overloaded with detail.
Include reference letters and numbers representing the different parts. These part
numbers usually enclosed by circles with a leader pointing to the piece.
Assembly Drawing
A unit assembly (subassembly) is a drawing of a related group of parts and used to
show the assembly of complicated machinery for which it would be practically
impossible to show all the features on one drawing. To illustrate; headstock, tailstock,
and gearbox unit assemblies should be included in the drawing of a lathe.
An outline assembly is used to describe the exterior shape of a machine or structure,
so it contains only the primary dimensions. If it is made for catalogs or illustrative
purposes, dimensions are often omitted. They are also called as installation drawings.
An assembly working drawing includes all the necessary information for producing a
machine or structure on one drawing. This requires providing adequate orthographic
views together with dimensions.
A diagram drawing is an assembly showing ,symbolically, installation of equipment and
often made in pictorial form.
The bill of material is a tabulated list placed either on the assembly drawing or on a
separate sheet. The list gives the part numbers, names, quantities, material and
sometimes stock sizes of raw material, detail drawing number, etc. The term "bill of
material" is usually used in structural and architectural drawing whereas the term "part
list" is used in machine-drawing practice.
Assembly Drawing
Assembly Drawing
Description
Qty
Material
Remarks
Exploded Drawing
An exploded view is a representative picture or diagram that shows the components of an object slightly
separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded
diagram, as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object which
separated all of the parts of that object an equal distance away from their original locations.
Exploded diagrams are common in descriptive manuals showing parts placement, or parts contained in an
assembly or sub-assembly. Usually such diagrams have the part identification number and a label indicating
which part fills the particular position in the diagram. Many spreadsheet applications can automatically
create exploded diagrams, such as exploded pie charts.
Exploded Drawing
Isometric View
Formed View
Flat View
Engineering Standards
Introduction to standards
Standards Organizations
Knowledge of some International Standards
Examples of Standards
Introduction to standards
What are standards?
Just like any other language, the grammar of this engineering language is defined
by various standards across globe. These standards talk about dimension styles,
tolerance, sheet sizes, etc. In short these standards define each & every thing
required to create any basic engineering drawing
Usage of standards
These standards are used in all engineering streams, Mechanical, Civil, Chemical,
Automobile, electronics, etc
Types of standards
Drawing standards, welding standards, safety standards, construction standards,
etc
Standards Organizations
Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs)
All over the world there are number of organizations which are involved in
developing different standards.
Scope of work
Creating standards
Standards publication
Training about standards
Assessment & certification
Product testing
followed
by
petrochemical
industry
&
Chemical
industry
AIAA:
AEROSPACE
INDUSTRIES
ASSOCIATION
OF
AMERICA
This standards service includes National Aerospace Standards (NAS) and metric
standards (NA Series)
Examples of Standards
GD&T Standards
Drawings and Terminology
Measurement standards
Tooling Standards
Welding standards
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Standards
Hydraulics Standards
Aerospace Standards
Manufacturing standards
Automobile Standards
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