Pipeline Design Training

Pipeline protection design

against
14 August 2006 soil liquefaction

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Pipeline Design Training Module I Overview

August
2 2 August 28,
by Mr. 4Eng Bin NG
5
1
3
Pipe
Allowable
Applicable
Codes

On-bottom
Stability
(Concrete
Coating)
Design

Wall
Thickness
Design

Cathodic
Protection
Design

Expansion
Calculations

Free Span
Calculations

Flexibility
Analysis
Methodology

On-bottom
Roughness
Analysis

Use of
Spoilers for
Pipe Selfburial

&
Unconventional

against
Anchors, Wave
Liquefaction &
Earthquake

10

Pipeline
Construction
- Conventional

Pipeline
Protection

Installation
Engineering
(1/2)

Installation
Engineering
(2/2)

Workshop, revision, exercise

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27 May 2015

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Pipeline Design Training Module I Schedule

Weekending
Aug 4
Aug 11
Aug 18
Aug 25
1 2

28

10 11 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 28

Applicable Codes, Wall Thickness

Design
On-bottom Stability (Concrete
Coating) Design
Pipe Expansion Calculations,
Flexibility Analysis Methodology
Allowable Free Span Calculations,
On-bottom Roughness Analysis
Pipeline Protection against Anchors,
Wave Liquefaction & Earthquake
Cathodic Protection Design
Use of Spoilers for Pipe Self-burial

Today

Pipeline Construction - Conventional

& Unconventional
Installation Engineering

Workshop, revision, exercise

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27 May 2015

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General
Wave-induced liquefaction is likely to affect the integrity of
the pipeline. Examples include:
Pipeline may float out of the liquefied soil if the SG of the pipe
is lower than the SG of the liquefied soil. Once exposed, the
pipe may deflect laterally till failure occurs.
If SG of pipeline is much greater than SG of liquefied soil, then
the pipe will sink further.

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General (contd)
Protection against soil liquefaction may be carried out by
one of the following manners:
Burying the pipeline below the influence depth of liquefaction.
Backfilling the pipeline with suitable materials that will not
liquefy
Designing the pipeline such that the SG of pipeline is almost
equal to the SG of liquefied soil

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27 May 2015

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Backfill Design
Manual on the Use of Rock in Coastal and Shoreline
Engineering (Ref. [1]). This manual provides theoretical
basis for designing rock berm layers in offshore areas.
The backfill design in the offshore areas is based on the
Critical Shear Stress Method as described further below:

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27 May 2015

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Backfill Design (contd)

The critical shear stress to initiate movement for a given
material is calculated using Shields criterion (Ref. [1]),
where:

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CR

r w gDn50 CR
k
TOT

27 May 2015

The Power to Deliver #7

Where: tCR = Critical shear stress of armour material (N/m2)

r

Berm material oven-dried density (kg/m3)

Seawater density (kg/m3)

Dn50

Nominal armour layer diameter (m)

CR

Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

= Critical shields number

=
kTOT

=
a

j
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0.03
Reduction factor for berm side slope

tan
cos 1

tan

1
2

= Berm side slope angle (degree)

= Angle of repose of the backfill layer (degree)

27 May 2015

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Backfill Design (contd)

The critical shear stress is equated to the actual applied
shear stress due to wave and current action in order to find
the backfill size.
The actual applied shear stress is calculated using the
following equation (Ref. [1]):

gU 2 1 fw w U
w 2
a
2
2
C

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where:

ta = Applied shear stress (N/m2)

C

= Chezy coefficient (m1/2/s)

= 18 log10 (12d/ks)

Water depth (m)

ks

Nikuradse roughness length (m)

= Depth-averaged steady current (m/s)

= Wave-induced velocity (m/s)

fw

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(1-3)D90

ab
seabed (m)

Wave-associated friction factor

exp 6.0 5.2(a b / k s ) 0.19

for ab/ks > 1.57

=
0.3
for ab/ks 1.57
= Amplitude of wave induced displacement near
27 May 2015

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Backfill Design (contd)

The nominal backfill layer diameter (Dn50) is related to the
median sieve diameter (D50) by the following relation:

D50 0.84Dn 50

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Backfill Design (contd)

The grading distribution curve for the backfill layer shall
satisfy the requirement from Shore Protection Manual (Ref.
[2]) as given below:

D50 max 1.5

where: D50max

1
3 D50 min

Maximum diameter exceeded by

50% of the rock berm material

Minimum diameter exceeded by

50% of the rock berm material

(mm)
D50min
(mm)

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27 May 2015

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Reference
[1] Manual on the Use of Rock on Coastal and Shoreline
Engineering, CIRIA Special Publication 83, 1991.
[2] Shore Protection Manual, US Army Coastal Engineering
Research Centre.

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27 May 2015

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Pipeline Design Training

Any questions?

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The Power to Deliver