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Round bar
Channel
Double
channel
Flat bar
Latticed
channels
Angle
Double angle
W-section
(wide-flange)
S-section
(American
Standard)
Cross-section of typical tension members.
Starred angle
Built-up box
sections
T-1
T
Net
Area (An)
Gross
Area (Ag)
T
T-2
1 1
1
bolt diameter
16 32 32
1
bolt dia. inch.
8
T-3
Example (T1):
What is the net area An for the tension member
as shown in the figure?
1
Plate 4 (inches)
4
T
Solution:
T-4
Paths of failure
T
on net section
T
B
(a)
s
C B
(b)
T-5
Example (T2):
Determine the minimum net area of the plate shown in fig. 3.4.2, assuming
15 in,-diam holes are located as shown:
16
Figure 3.4.2
Example 3.4.1
T-6
Solution. According to LRFD and ASD-B2, the width used in deducing for
holes in the hole diameter plus 1/16 in., and the staggered length correction
Is (s2/4g).
1)
15 1
12
16 16
2)
0.25 2.50sq.in.
2.125
( 2.125)2
15 1
12 3
0.25 2.43sq.in.
4 2.5
4( 4)
16 16
3)
2.125
(1.875)2
15 1
12 3
0.25 2.42sq.in.
4 2.5
4( 4)
16 16
(controls)
T-7
Angles:
When holes are staggered on two legs of an angle, the gage length (g)
for use In the (s2/4g) expression is obtained by using length between the
centers of the holes measured along the centerline of the angle
thickness, i.e., the distance A-B in Fig: 3.4.3. Thus the gage distance g is
t
t
g ga gb ga gb t
2
2
T-8
Every rolled angle has a standard value for the location of holes
(i.e. gage distance ga and gb), depending on the length of the leg
and the number of lines of holes. Table shows usual gages for
angles as listed in the AISC Manual*.
T-9
Example (T3):
Determine the net area (An ) for the angle given in figure below
if
15
in, dia.
16
1
1 1
1
* g g1 t 2 2 4
2
4 2
4
T-10
Solutions. For net area calculation the angle may be visualized as being
flattened into a plate as shown in Figure above.
s2
A n A g Dt
t
4g
where D is the width to be deducted for the hole.
1) Path AC:
15 1
0.5 3.75 sq.in.
An = 4.75 2
16 16
9.5"
2) Path ABC:
(3) 2
(3) 2
15 1
An = 4.75 3 0.5
0.5 3.96 sq.in.
16 16
4( 2.5) 4(4.25)
Since the smallest An is 3.75 sq in., that value governs.
T-11
When some of the cross section (and not all the section) is
connected, we need to use effective net area concept :-
Ae = U An
where,
U = Reduction Factor.
T-12
Gusset
plate
T
Angle
6x4x1/2
Gusset
plate
Ae = Ag U
U = 1.0
U = 0.87
U = 0.75
for
for
for
L 2 w
2w L 1.5 w
1.5w L w
Weld
T
Angle
6x4x1/2
T-13
x
U 1 0.9
L
(LRFD - B3.2)
Determination of x for U.
LFRD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999
American Institute of Steel Construction
T-15
W, M or S Shapes with flange width 2/3 depth, and structural tees cut
from these shapes, provided connection to the flanges and has 3
fasteners per line in the direction of force, U = 0.90.
b) W,M or S Shapes where flanges width < 2/3 depth, and all other shapes,
that has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line, U = 0.85
c) All members having only two fasteners in the line of stress
U = 0.75
For short tension members such as Gusset plates the effective net
area equals (An), but must not exceed 0.85 of the gross area (Ag).
T-16
Example (T-4)
Calculate the Ae values of the following section:(i)
(ii)
7/8 bolts W 8 x 28
C 9 x 15
Ag = 4.41 m2
web tk
T-17
(iii)
L 3 x 3 x 3/8
x = 0.888
L = 6 in (3+3)
U = 1 - x/L = 1 -0.888/6 = 0.852 < 0.9
3 3
(iv)
dia bolt
Ag = 2.11 in2
An = 2.11 1 x (3/4 + 1/8) x 3/8 = 2.11 -0.328 = 1.782 in2
Ae = UAn = 0.852 x 1.782 = 1.518 in2
Alternative value of U = 0.85 (3 bolts / line)
w 10 x 33
All sides connected
U = 10
Ag = 9.71 in2
Holes
in web
hole
web tk.
Holes
in flage
flage tk
T-18
Gusset
Plate
Shaded area
may tear out
T
(a) Failure by
tearing out
T-19
Rn i Qi
tTn Tu
where
t Tn = t Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag
b) Fracture of the net section;
t Tn = t Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae
This is to be followed by check of rupture strength (block shear failure),
and limitation of slenderness ratio 300.
T-20
Fu = 75 ksi.
1 1
T-21
(cont.)
T-22
Zig-Zag = w n 9.5 3 1 81
4 2.5
44
(2.5+20.5)
for one L
1.75 1.75
T-23
Ag
A e
Tu
0.9Fy.
Tu
0.75Fu.
300
T-24
T-25
Pu
104.8
3.235 in.2
0.90Fy 0.90(36)
Required A e
Pu
104.8
2.409 in.2
0.75Fu 0.75(58)
A g A n A hole
7 1
2.409 t 2.409 t
8 8
Try t = 1 in.
Ag = 2.409 + 1(1) = 3.409 in.2
T-26
Because 3.409 > 3.235, the required gross area is 3.409 in. 2, and
wg
Ag
t
3.409
3.409 in.
1
0.2887 in.
A
3.5
L 5.75(12)
Maximum
239 300 (OK)
r
0.2887
rmin
Use a 3 1 bar.
T-27
(Controls)
Tu = 1.4 DL
or
= 1.4 x 40
= 56 k
T-28
2.47 in2 (A g )1
0.9Fy 0.9 36
Tu
80
1.84 in2
0.75Fu 0.75 58
(A g )req.
(A e )req.
Ae 1.84
( An )
2.16 in 2
U 0.85
For single line 7/8 bolts ; Ag = An + (1)t = 2.16 + t = (Ag)2
T-29
Step 4)
rmin
Step 5)
L
15 12
0.6 in.
300
300
Select angle:
By selecting (t) we get Ag & rmin
t
(Ag)1
(Ag)2
1/4
2.47
2.41
3/8
2.47
2.53
1/2
2.47
2.66
select t = 3/8
(Ag)2 = 2.53 in2
(Controls)
T-30
Selection
L4 3 21 3 8
Ag = 2.67 in2 > 2.53 in2
OK
OK
Step 6)
Step 7)
T-31
2MC
7/8 bolt
3. Assume that flange thickness ~ 0.5 in and web tk. ~ 0.3 in. (experience !)
An = (Ag)2 2 x 1.0 x 0.5 2 x 1.0 x 0.3
= (Ag)2 1.60
T-32
4. Required. rmin =
l
30 12
6. Check capacity
An = 7.35 2 x 1.0 x 0.575 2 x 1.0 x 0.38
= 7.35 1.910 = 5.44 in2.
Ae = 5.44 in2.
x
y
OK
T-33
300 1.0
Max. l
ft 25.0ft 30ft. (N.G.)
12
T-34