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ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
WIND FARMS
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
50000
MW
8,207
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2003
2004
2005
2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
Source: Global WindECE398RES
Energy Council
Asia
7,135 MW
12%
Americas
and
Africa
10,979 MW
19%
Australia
708 MW
1%
Europe
40,500 MW
68%
Source: Global Wind Energy Council
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
18,428 MW
Sp
ai
n
10,027 MW
U
SA
9,149 MW
D
en
In
m
di
ar
a
a
k
4,430 MW
3,122 MW
Ch
in
1,260 MW
Au
str
a
lia
708 MW
0
00
0
,
2
00
0
,
4
00
0
,
6
00
0
,
8
00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
,
,
,
,
10
12
14
16
00
00
0
0
,
,
18
20
MW
1981
2000
25
1,650
10
71
65
1,300
2,600
790
45,000
5.6 million
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
1400
225 kW
300 kW
1200
500 kW
1000
600 kW
1650 kW
800
600
400
200
0
1989
1991
1993
1995
1996
2000
, a slight
V
from 14 to 16 m.p.h. results in a nearly 50% in-
6
5
4.8
3.6
2.6
2
1
0
7.15
8.08
9.32
V m/s
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
site preparation
9.15 (15%)
project development
0.97 (2%)
engineering
0.61 (1%)
total
capital costs
=
60.88
equipment costs for 40 1.5-MW
turbines plus spare parts,
46.64 (76%)
Source: Ministry of Natural Resources, Canada
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
general
110.04 (6%)
total
annual costs
=
1,965
parts and labor
1,381.00 (70%)
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
annualized cost
over each of n
years
P
present worth
capital recovery
factor
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
1
1 i
Recall that the capital recovery factor measures
the speed with which the initial investment is
repaid and can be easily found in tabulated form
in many sources
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
0.07
0.1098
15
1
CF 0.087 V
PR
D
0.087 6.7
0.9
0.385
2.13
3, 035 kWh
0.123 $ / kWh
energy
3035
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
0.12
0.1
$1
20
0/
0.08
0.06
$8
00
/kW
$1
00
0/k
kW
0.04
0.02
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
PR
1500
CF 0.087V 2 0.087 8.5
0.373
2
D
64
The annual production is therefore
annual
40
1.5
8760
0.373
196,
000
MWh
energy
The annual equity return required is
A $ 45 0.09422 $ 4.24 M
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
annual
costs 2.25 4.24 1.8 $ 8.29 M
For feasibility the electricity price must be at the
least
8.29 M$
levelized price =
0.0423 $/kWh
196, 000 MWh
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Typically, a large wind farm produces electricity
more economically than a small operation
The factors contributing to the lower costs are
transaction costs are spread over more kWh
for a large project
efficiencies in the management of a larger
wind farm typically lower the O&M costs
possibility of better financing terms for larger
projects
lower per kW permitting costs
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.
MW
ECE398RES 2006GeorgeGross,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,AllRightsReserved.