SDH Principle Curriculum

The principle is divided into 4 parts:

1 SDH OverviewTo have the basic concept of SDH
What is SDH?
Why did the SDH system emerge?
Advantages and disadvantages of SDH system.
2 Frame structure and multiplexing method of SDH signals
The functions of each part in SDH signal frame structure
Multiplexing the commonly encountered PDH signals
(2Mb/s, 34Mb/s,140Mb/s) into SDH signals?

HUAWEI TRAINING

SDH Principle Curriculum

3 Overhead and Pointers
Layered monitoring mechanism of SDHOverheads
Directly add/drop lower-rate signals in SDHPointers
4 Logical composition of SDH equipment
Common network elements of SDH network
Logical function blocks of SDH equipment

HUAWEI TRAINING

SDH Principle
SDH
SDH
Overview
Overview

Overheads
Overheads
and
and
Pointers
Pointers

Frame
Frame
structure
structure
and
and
multiplexmultiplexing
ing
methods
methods

Logical
Logical
parts
partsofof
SDH
SDH
equipment
equipment
HUAWEI TRAINING

Chapter 1 SDH Overview

Background
Background Disadvantages
Advantages DisadvanDisadvantages Advantages
DisadvanofofSDH
ofofSDH
ofofPDH
SDH
SDH tages
PDH
tagesofofSDH
SDH

HUAWEI TRAINING

1.1 Background about SDH emergence

What is SDH--Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. Similar to
PDH they are all digital signal transmission system.
Why did SDH emerge?
1)What we need in info-society:
huge volume of info, and digital, integrated, personal.
2)What we want the transmission network to be:
Broadband---info-highway
Standard---universal interface all over the world

HUAWEI TRAINING

1.2 Disadvantages of PDH:

1 Interfaces
Electrical interfaces---only regional
standards, no universal standard.
3 rate hierarchies for
PDH:European(2Mb/s) Japanese, North
American(1.5Mb/s).
Optical interfaces---no standards at all,
manufacturers develop at their will.

Difficult to inter-connect
HUAWEI TRAINING

2 Multiplexing methods:
Asynchronous Multiplexing for PDH:
The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is not
regular nor predictable. So it is impossible to directly
add/drop low-rate signals from high-rate signals.

Where
did I put
the signals?

HUAWEI TRAINING

140Mb/s

140Mb/s
34Mb/s

34Mb/s
8Mb/s

8Mb/s

multiplexer

de-multiplexer
de-multiplexer

multiplexer
de-multiplexer

multiplexer

2Mb/s

Low-rate signals have to be separated from high-rate

signals level by level. Multiple levels of multiplexing/demultiplexing cause signals to deteriorate, it is not suitable
for huge-volume transmission.

HUAWEI TRAINING

3 OAM
OAM function affects the maintenance cost.It is determined
by the number of overhead bytes(redundant bytes);
There are VERY few redundant byes available in PDH
signals which can be used as OAM purpose, so OAM in PDH
is very poor, it is unreliable either.
4 No universal network management interface
It is hard to set up an integrated network
management. No way to form a universal TMN.
PDH is inappropriate to transmit huge-volume signals, so
SDH came to play the part.

HUAWEI TRAINING

1.3 Advantages of SDH:

1 Interfaces
Electrical interfaces:standard rate
hierarchy(transmission speed level)
The basic rate level is called Synchronous Transfer
Module(STM-1), the other rate levels are the
multiple of STM-1.
Optical interfaces:only scramble the electrical signals.
SDH: optical code pattern is scrambled NRZ,
PDH: optical code pattern is scrambled mBnB.

HUAWEI TRAINING

SDH Signals

Bit rate(Mb/s)

STM-1

155.520 or 155M

STM-4

622.080 or 622M

STM-16

2488.320 or 2.5G

STM-64

9953.280 or 10G

SDH:high-rate signal is exactly 4 times that

of the next low-rate signal.
HUAWEI TRAINING

STM-1
155Mb/s

STM-4
622Mb/s

STM-64
10Gb/s

WDM

10Gb/s

STM-16
2.5Gb/s

SDH:4STM-1=STM-4 4STM-4=STM-16

HUAWEI TRAINING

2 Multiplexing methods:
low-rate SDHhigh-rate SDH(e.g.:4 STM-1STM-4).
Uses byte interleaved multiplexing method.
STM-1
STM-1

Byte
interleaved
multiplexing

STM-4

STM-1
STM-1

HUAWEI TRAINING

A1 A2 A3

B1 B2 B3

C1 C2 C3

Byte interleaved
multiplexing

A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3

HUAWEI TRAINING

Other signalsSDH:
Using pointers to align the low-rate signals in SDH frame
,so the receivers can directly drop low-rate signals.E.g.:

P
P
Packing
D
k
H
g

STM-1

Alignment

PK
Ga

PK
Gb

HUAWEI TRAINING

3 OAM
More bytes in SDH frame structure are used for
OAM purpose, about 5% of total bytes. SDH boasts
of high capability of OAM.

4 Compatibility
SDH is compatible with the existing PDH system.
SDH allows new types of equipment to be used,
allows broadband access, such as ATM.

HUAWEI TRAINING

SDH compatibility schematics

PDH, ATM
FDDI signals
packing
package
packing

SDH
network

STM-N
transmit

STM-N
transmit

Package
transmit
unpacking
PDH, ATM
FDDI signals

HUAWEI TRAINING

1.4 Disadvantages of SDH

1 low bandwidth utilization ratio--- contradiction
between efficiency and reliability.
63 2M
2M

34M
140M

3 34M=48 2M

STM-1
(155M)

1 140M=64 2M

2 Mechanism of pointer adjustment is complex, it can

cause pointer adjustment jitters
3 Large-scale application of software makes SDH system
vulnerable to viruses or mistakes.
HUAWEI TRAINING

Chapter 2 Frame Structure and

Multiplexing methods

Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Procedure
Procedure
Components
Components
and
andfunctions
functions

140M
34M

STM-N

2M
HUAWEI TRAINING

I must
understand the functions
of different parts
of SDH frame

HUAWEI TRAINING

2.1

STM-N Frame Structure

9270 N bytes

Transmission 1
direction
SOH
3
4 AU-PTR
5
SOH
9

9N

STM-N payload

Transmit
left to right
up to down

(including POH)
261N
270N
columns
HUAWEI TRAINING

1 Characteristics of SDH signals:

block frame in units of bytes(8bit),
transmission---from left to right, from top to bottom,
frame frequency constant---8000 frames/s,
frame period 125us.

2 Composition of SDH signals:

1) Payload:
It is where we put all the information in STM-N frame
structure. All kinds of effective info, such as 2M, 34M ,
140M are first packed before being stored here. Then
they are carried by STM-N signals over the SDH network.
HUAWEI TRAINING

If we should consider STM-N signal to be a truck, then

info payload would be the carriage of the truck. In order to
monitor the transmission status of the goods during
transportation, POH are added to each information package.

STM-N

POH
Low-rate signals 1

Pkg

loading

packing

Pkg

Payload

packing
Low-rate signals n

Pkg

Pkg

loading

Pkg

Pkg

POH
HUAWEI TRAINING

2) Section Overhead:
Accomplishes monitoring of STM-N signal streams. To check
whether the goods in STM-N carriage is damaged or not.
Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH): monitor the overall
STM-N signals.
Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH): monitor each STM-1
in STM-N signal.
RSOH, MSOH and POH set up SDH layered
monitoring mechanism.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Sections and
Paths
Low-rate signal 1
Low-rate signal 2
Low-rate signal n

SDH
Section signal

(SOH)

low-rate path
signal(POH)

HUAWEI TRAINING

3) Administrative Unit Pointer(AU-PTR):

Indicates the location of low-rate signals in STM-N
frame(payload), makes the location of low-rate
signals in high-rate signals predictable.

HUAWEI TRAINING

According to the value of AU, the receiver can directly

drop low-rate signals from STM-N frame. That is to
say we can get the goods directly from the carriage
if we know the label of the goods.
Because the goods are placed regularly in the
carriage, we only need to know the first piece of
goods.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Receiving:
Sending:
AU-PTR indicates the first
info package

According to the value of

AU-PTR, get the first info
package, through the
regularity of byte interleaved
multiplexing, get the other
packages

(SDH transmission

network)

HUAWEI TRAINING

For low-rate signals such as 2M, 34M. We need two-levels

of pointers to align.
First, small information goods is packed into middle
information goods. Tributary unit pointer(TU-PTR)
is used to align the location of small goods in middle goods.
Then these middle goods are packed into big goods,
AU-PTR is to align the location of middle info package.
AU-PTR
Secondary alignment

2M
34M
TU-PTR
Primary alignment

HUAWEI TRAINING

2.2 Multiplexing procedures of SDH

low-rate SDHhigh-rate SDH:
byte interleaved multiplexing, 4 into 1.
PDH signalsSTM-N: synchronous multiplexing:
140MSTM-N
34M STM-N
2MSTM-N
Multiplexing is based on the multiplexing route diagram.
ITU-T defines several different multiplexing routes, but for
any country or region, the method is unique.

HUAWEI TRAINING

1 Multiplexing structure adopted in China

N
STM-N AUG

AU-4

SDH signal

C-4

VC-4
3
TU-3

TUG-3

VC-3

C-3

Pointer
processing
Align
adjustment
Multiplexing

139264kbit/s

34368kbit/s

TUG-2
3
TU-12

Mapping

VC-12

C-12

2048kbit/s

PDH signals

HUAWEI TRAINING

140M multiplexing procedures(140M STM-N)

1
Rate
Adaptation

140M 9
1

1
POH

C4
125us

260

P
O
H
1

VC4
125us

To be continued

261

C4---Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding to 140M,

performs bit rate justification.
VC4---Virtual Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding
toC4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M

HUAWEI TRAINING

140M multiplexing procedures

AU-4
(continue)
alignment

STM-1

RSOH
AU-PTR

AU-PTR

9
10

125us

SOH

payload
1

MSOH

9
270

125us

270

AU-4---Administrative Unit 4, a info structure

corresponding toVC4, performs pointer alignment.
140MVC4AU-4STM-1,
One STM-1 can only incorporate one 140M signal.

270xN

STM-N
9

125us

HUAWEI TRAINING

34M multiplexing procedures

C3
VC3
1

POH

Rate adaptation

34M

9
1

125us

84

P
O
H

9 1

To be continued

125us

85

C3---Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding to 34M,

performs bit rate justification.
VC3---Virtual Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding
to C4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M

HUAWEI TRAINING

34M multiplexing procedures

TU-3

(continue) 1
H1
H2
TU- H3
PTR

125us

TUG-3 86

86
1

1
1 H1
H2
H3
Fill
Gap
R

261

P
O RR
H

3
BIM

125us

VC4

125us

TU3---Tributary Unit 3: A standard info structure corresponding to

VC3, performs primary alignment.
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3: A standard info structure
corresponding toTU3.
34MVC3TU3TUG3 3 TUG3VC4STM-1
One STM-1 can hold 3 34M.

HUAWEI TRAINING

2M multiplexing procedures
POH
1

C12

Rate
Adaptation

VC12

POH

Primary
Alignment

TU12

To be continued

2M
9
1

125us

125us

9
1

PTR
125us

HUAWEI TRAINING

2M multiplexing procedures (2M VC4)

C12--Container 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs bit rate justification
for 2M signals, 4 basic frames constitute a multi-frame.
VC12---Virtual Container 12:A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs real-time monitoring.
TU12---Tributary Unit 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to VC12, performs primary pointer
alignment forVC12.

HUAWEI TRAINING

2M multiplexing procedures (2M VC4)

TUG2

Byte Interleaved
Multiplexing

(continue)

125us

Byte
Interleaved
Multiplexing

86

R R TUG3
9

125us

HUAWEI TRAINING

2M Multiplexing procedures(2M VC4)

TUG2---Tributary Unit Group 2
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3
2MC12VC12TU12 3TU12TUG2
7 TUG2TUG3 3TUG3VC4STM-1
One STM-1 is able to hold 373= 63 2M.
Multiplexing structure for 2M is 3-7-3.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Concept of multiframe:
4 C12 basic frames make up
1 multi-frame.
Both basic frames and
multi-frame carry the same SDH
2M signal.
One basic frame can hold
the info segment of 2M
C12
signal during 125us period.
One multi-frame holds the C12
info for 2M signal during C12
500us period.
C12

1#

STM-1

2#

STM-1

3#

STM-1

4#

STM-1

Multiplexer
1#

63 2M

2#
3#
4#

HUAWEI TRAINING

Relations between info structures

E1

C12

VC12

TU12

E3

C3

VC3

TU3

E4

C4

VC4

HUAWEI TRAINING

Summary
Main contents for this chapter:
STM-N frame structure and functions of
different parts of the frame
Methods for multiplexing PDH into STM-N frames
140M multiplexed into STM-N frames
34M multiplexed into STM-N frames
2M multiplexed into STM-N frames

HUAWEI TRAINING

Chapter 3 Overhead and Pointers

Overhead
Overhead
Path
Section
Path
Section
Overhead
Overhead
Overhead Overhead

Pointers
AU-PTR
AU-PTR

TU-PTR
TU-PTR

HUAWEI TRAINING

Overhead
SOH
RSOH

MSOH

POH
VC4
POH
(HPOH)

VC12
POH
(LPOH)

HUAWEI TRAINING

Layered monitoring

VC12
LO-POH

VC4
HO-POH

STM-1
MSOH

STM-N
RSOH

HUAWEI TRAINING

SOH(take STM-1 as an example)

1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

8
A1* A1* A1* A2* A2* A2 * J0 * *
B1
D1

E1
D2

B2 B2
D4
D7
D10
S1

B2

K1
D5
D8
D11

F1
D3

9
*
RSOH

AU-PTR

M1

K2
D6
D9
D12
E2

MSOH

Bytes reserved for domestic use

Marked * bytes are not scrambled
HUAWEI TRAINING

1) Framing bytes:A1,A2 to locate the

frame heads
Signal stream

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

HUAWEI TRAINING

Frame
Head?
Found
A1,A2?

N
Give OOF

Over 3ms
Generate LOF

Next
process

Insert AIS

HUAWEI TRAINING

2) DCC Data Communication Channel bytes:D1D12

An info channel for OAM between NE-NE
D1-D3 is in Regenerator section(DCCR),
D4-D12 is in Multiplex section(DCCM),

NM

UTP

DCC channel

OAM info includes: performance monitoring, alarms

inquiry, command issue,etc.

HUAWEI TRAINING

3) Order wire bytes: E1,E2

Each provides a 64kb/s order wire digital telephone.
E1is for RS order wire
E2 is for MS order wire
E2can not be used by a REGs
4) Bit interleaved parity byte:B1
Performs real-time monitoring over the signal stream

HUAWEI TRAINING

Bit Interleaved parity

BIP-8

A1
A2
A3
A4

00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111

01011010

HUAWEI TRAINING

B1 working mechanism:
Insert B1
SDH
Equipment
Sending

Detect B1
SDH
Equipment
Receiving

STM-N

If error blocks occurred

produce: RS-BBE
performance event

HUAWEI TRAINING

5) Bit interleaved Parity B2 byte

monitor the error blocks of MS
Insert B2
SDH
Equipment
Sending

Detect B2
SDH
Equipment
Receiving

STM-N

If error blocks occurred

produce: MS-BBE
performance event

HUAWEI TRAINING

6) Multiplex section Remote Error Indication byte:M1

Sent from receiver to sender
Informs the sender: the error blocks detected by receiver
through B2
M1 received
produce: MS-REI
performance event

SDH
Equipment
Sender

Error blocks found

produce: MS-BBE
performance event

STM-N

SDH
Equipment
Receiver

Send M1
byte

HUAWEI TRAINING

7) Automatic Protection Switching(APS) bytes---K1,K2

Carries APS protocol for MSP switching
MS Remote Defect Indication byte:
K2(b6-b8)=111, indicates that all 1 signals have
been received, receiver will give MS-AIS alarm
K2(b6-b8)=110, indicates that MS-RDI has been
received, which means the counter-part has received
signal deterioration, such as MS-AIS, RLOF etc.

HUAWEI TRAINING

K2 Detection

Found

110

K2(b6-b8)

111
Giving
MS-AIS

Sending back
MS-RDI

Producing
MS-RDI

HUAWEI TRAINING

Receive K2(110)
produce: MS-RDI
alarm event

SDH
Equipment
Sender

Find K2(111)
produce: MS-AIS
alarm event

SDH
Equipment
Receiver

STM-N
Sending back K2
(110)

HUAWEI TRAINING

8)

Synchronous Status byte S1(bit5~8)

For synchronous status indication
The smaller the value of S1, the higher the
quality of synchronous clock!

HUAWEI TRAINING

Classification:

2 Path Overhead

Lower-order POH--VC12
Higher-order POH---VC4
Difference:
VC-4 macro, VC-12 micro
VC4
VC-4 includes VC-12

POH

(HPOH)

VC12
POH
(LPOH)

HUAWEI TRAINING

1) Higher-order POH
(VC-4 POH)
1

J1

B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

261

HUAWEI TRAINING

1 Path Trace byteJ1

J1 is the first byte of VC4 -POH, its
location is indicated by AU-4 pointer.
Using J1 byte, the sender and receiver
repeatedly exchange higher-order path
access point identifier, so both ends
know they are in continuous connection.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Default value for J1:HuaWei

SBS

J1 sent and received must match.

J1 received=J1 to be received
If J1 mismatched, the equipment will give
HP-TIM alarm at the corresponding VC4

HUAWEI TRAINING

Detect J1

J1 Detection flow
N

Give
HP-TIM

Match?

Continue

Insert AIS

HUAWEI TRAINING

2 Path BIP byte B3

Monitor signal flow at higher-order path
Insert B3
SDH
Equipment
Sending

Detect B3

STM-N
(VC4)

SDH
Equipment
Receiving

If error blocks occurred

produce: HP-BBE
performance event

HUAWEI TRAINING

3 Signal label byte C2

Indicate the multiplexing structure of VC and
characteristics of info payload
C2 sent and C2 received must match. Once mismatched,
HP-SLM will be given out at the corresponding VC4.
C2=00H indicates VC4 is unequipped, give HP-UNEQ alarm.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Detect C2
C2 detection flow

Continue

Match?

00H?

Y
HP-UNEQ

HP-SLM

Insert AIS
HUAWEI TRAINING

4 Path Status byte G1

Indicates the transmission status of higher-order VC path
Informing:Receiver sends back to sender to let the latter
knows the transmission status.
Using G1(b1-b4) to tell the the number of error blocks
detected by B3.
Sender gives HP-REI performance event at
corresponding VC4 path.
If receiver detects AIS, J1 and C2 mismatch, VC4 UNEQ,
it will inform the sender at corresponding VC4 path
using G1(b5)=1, and the sender will give HP-RDI alarm.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Detect received VC4

N
N
Continue

HP-BBE?

Y
Send
back
HP-REI

HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-SLM?

Y
Send
back
HPRDI

HUAWEI TRAINING

5 TU Position Indicator byte:H4

Indicates the multi-frame type of effective load and the
position of payload.
When multiplex PDH into SDH, H4 is only useful for
2M signals. It indicates the current frame is which
basic frame in the multi-frame, so that the receiver can
find TU-PTR in order to extract 2M signals.
The value of H4 is 00H-03H, if the value of H4
is out of this range, the receiver will generate HP-LOM
at corresponding path. This path will be insert all one
signals.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Lower-order Path Overhead(VC12-POH)

VC12 Overhead
1
1 V5

4
J2

1#VC12
1
9

V1

N2

1#VC12
2
V2

K4

1#VC12
3

1#VC12
4

V3

V4

500us TU12 Multi-frame

TU12 Pointer byte
HUAWEI TRAINING

2) Lower-order Path Overhead

Path status and signal label byte: V5
First byte in the multi-frame, where TU-PTR points to.
VC12 error block monitoring, VC12 path status informing,
signal label indication:
error block monitoringLP-BBE
error block informingLP-REI
signal label=000, corresponding path will give
LP-UNEQ
Once received TU-AIS,LP-TIM,LP-SLM,
using V5 to tell the opposite side, which will generate
LP-RDI alarm at corresponding VC12.

HUAWEI TRAINING

DetectV5
Detect
signal
label

N
Y

000?
000?

Match?

Detect
error
blocks

LP-UNEQ

LP-BBE
Continue

errors?

Continue

LP-SLM

Send back
LP-RDI

Send
back
LP-REI

HUAWEI TRAINING

Pointers

AU-PTR

TU-PTR

AU-PTR---align the location

of VC4 in AU-4.
TU-PTR---align the location
of VC12 in TU12.
Together with framing
bytes A1, A2 to drop lowrate signals directly from
high-rate signals(STM-N)

HUAWEI TRAINING

1 Administrative Unit Pointer---AU-PTR

Pointer values are placed in the last 10 bits in H1 and H2bytes.
3 bytes constitute a adjustment opportunity. The payload of
STM-1can be divided into 261*9/3=783 units.
Each unit has an address coordinates. AU-PTR is 0-782,
if the value of AU-PTR is not within this range, then
AU-LOP will be reported at the corresponding path, and
the signals of this path will be all one.
If the values of H1, H2, H3 in the received AU-PTR are all
1, the receiver will give out AU-AIS alarm, and insert
all 1.

HUAWEI TRAINING

AU-PTR working mechanism:

The carriage of truck STM-1 is payload, its stop time
is 125us(8000F/s), the cargo VC4 are continuously loaded
onto the truck in the unit of 3 bytes.
Normally, loading time of VC4= stop time of the truck
3 bytes
STM-1
form a unit

VC4
Loading
continuously

HUAWEI TRAINING

Loading time=stop time( VC4 rate=AU-4 rate)AU-PTR=522

RSOH
H3H3H3

MSOH
RSOH

520
J1 522
0

MSOH

521

523
782

1
520

521

HUAWEI TRAINING

Loading time<stop time(VC4 rate>AU-4 rate), H3H3H3 are

used to store effective info. The pointer value is decreased by 1,
this is called negative adjustment.
RSOH
INFO

MSOH
520
RSOH

522

J1 521

523
782

0
MSOH

1
520

521

HUAWEI TRAINING

loading time>stop time(VC4 rate<AU-4 rate), this might cause

the truck can not be loaded full, so pseudo-random info is added.
This causes pointer value to increase by 1. The pointer is said
to do positive adjustment.
RSOH
H3H3H3 RRR

MSOH
520
RSOH

522

J1 523
782

0
MSOH

521

1
520

521

HUAWEI TRAINING

AU-PTR:
In normal situation, pointers are only occasionally adjusted.
When the network becomes asynchronous, there will be
a large number of pointer adjustment events.
Pointer adjustment rule:
Adjustment interval is 3 frames
NDF means AU-PTRs value is being changed
If receiver detects NDF in 8 frames continuously,
equipment will give out AU-LOP alarm, and insert
all 1.
NDF means New Data Flag

HUAWEI TRAINING

2 Tributary Unit Pointer---TU-PTR

The pointer values are placed in last 10 bits in V1, V2
Adjustment unit is 1 byte
Range is 0-139
If V1, V2, V3 are all 1, receiver gives out TU-AIS
If pointer value is not within 0-139, or having received
NDF in 8 frames continuously, TU-LOP is generated
at corresponding path and all 1 is inserted.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Summary:
SDH monitoring---Overhead
SOH---RSOH, MSOH
POH---HPOH, LPOH
Pointers
Administrative Unit Pointer---AU-PTR
Tributary Unit Pointer---TU-PTR
Main points are alarm-detecting mechanism

HUAWEI TRAINING

Chapter 4 Logical composition

of SDH equipment
Contents

Common NE
in SDH network

Logical functional blocks

of SDH equipment
Basic
function blocks

Auxiliary
function blocks

HUAWEI TRAINING

I want to master
the common NEs
and the functions
of logical blocks

HUAWEI TRAINING

1 Common NEs in SDH Network

TM

ADM

REG

DXC

HUAWEI TRAINING

1 Terminal Multiplexer--TM
multiplexing, cross-connection
w

TM
2M

TM

34M

STM-N

(Optical Interface)

140M

STM-M

(Tributary Interface)

ADM

Note: (M<N)

TM

Application of TM in chain network

HUAWEI TRAINING

2 Add/drop Multiplexer--ADM
multiplexing, cross-connection
STM-N

ADM

(Optical interface)

(Optical interface)
2M

34M

140M

STM-M

(Tributary Interface)

TM

STM-N

ADM

Note: (M<N)

TM

Application of ADM in chain network

HUAWEI TRAINING

3 Regenerator--REG
regeneration, amplification and relaying
STM-N

REG

(Optical interface)

TM

ADM

STM-N

(Optical interface)

REG

ADM

TM

Application of REG in chain network

HUAWEI TRAINING

Digital Cross-connection Equipment---DXC

Core function is cross-connection
Used at hub station

(Optical interface)

(Optical interface)

DXC

HUAWEI TRAINING

DXC m/n indicates the features of DXC:

m is the highest access rate level
n is the lowest cross connection rate level

Value

Rate

64K

2M

6M

1. 544M

34M 140M
45M 155M

622M 2. 5G

HUAWEI TRAINING

2 Logical function
blocks of SDH Equipment
Understand the
functions of each
function block

HUAWEI TRAINING

Logical function blocks of SDH Equipment-TM

STM-N

TTF
A

G.703 M

SPI

RST

MST

MSP

MSA

HOI
L

PPI

LPA

HPT

140Mb/s

LOI
2Mb/s

G.703 K

PPI

LPA

HPC

HOA
I

LPT

LPC

HPA

HPT

34Mb/s
Q interface
OHA

SEMF
OHA interface

MCF
N F interface
P
D4~D12
D1~D3

SETS

SETPI

External
synchronous
signal interface

HUAWEI TRAINING

SDH Physical InterfaceSPI

O/E Conversion, extracting timing

SPI
Receiving
AB

O/E
Extract Timing

R-LOS
when fails

Sending
B A

E/O
Writing timing

HUAWEI TRAINING

Regenerator Section Termination--RST

Process RSOH
Sending
CB
Write
RSOH
Scramble
STM-N

RST

Receiving
BC
Framing
A1,A2 correct?

When R-LOS
insert all 1

N
R-OOF or
R-LOF, insert
all 1

Y
De-scramble
Process RSOH
Verify B1 ->
RS-BBE

HUAWEI TRAINING

Multiplex Section Termination --MST

Process MSOH
MST

Sending
DC
Write MSOH

M1 send
MS-REI

K2 send
MS-RDI

Detects
K2(b6-b8)
111->
110 ->
MS-RDI MS-AIS
insert 1

Receiving
CD
Verify B2

error bits
generate
MS-BBE

Excessive
error bits,
generate
B2-OVER
insert all
1

HUAWEI TRAINING

MSP--Multiplex Section Protection

Implements MS protection switching
Switching conditions:RLOS,RLOF,MS-AIS
Normally,signals are transmitted transparently
K1,K2 carries APS protocol
SCC controls Optical boards and crossconnection boards to implement MSP.

HUAWEI TRAINING

Multiplex Section Adaptation -- MSA

Process AU-PTR

Sending
FE
Write AU-PTR,
N AU4 BIM

MSA

Receiving
EF
Read AU-PTR

If all 1,
generate AU-AIS
insert all 1

Invalid pointers,
generate AU-LOP,
insert all 1

HUAWEI TRAINING

TTF---Transmission Termination Function Block:

SPI, RST, MST, MSP, MSA
Optical STM-N---Electrical NVC4

STM-N
TTF

NVC4

O/E, RSOH
MSOH, AU-PTR

HUAWEI TRAINING

Higher-order Path Termination--HPT

Process higher-order POH
Monitor VC4
HPT
Receiving
FG

B3 error bits
generate
HP-BBE

J1 mismatch
generate
HP-TIM

C2 mismatch
generate
HP-SLM

C2=00
generate
HP-UNEQ

H4 invalid
generate
HP-LOM

Insert all 1

HUAWEI TRAINING

HPT
Sending
GF
Write HPOH

Error bits
send back HP-REI
using G1(b1-b4)

HP-TIM,
HP-SLM,
HP-UNEQ
send back
HP-RDI
using G1(b5)

HUAWEI TRAINING

Lower-order Path Adaptation--LPA

Packing: 140MC4
Unpacking: C4140M

HUAWEI TRAINING

PDH Physical Interface--PPI

Signal interface between equipment and PDH
Extract PDH tributary timing signals
Code pattern conversion: NRZCMI

PPI

Receiving
JK

Code pattern
conversion

Sending
KJ

Code pattern
conversion,
extract timing

No input signals
generate EXTLOS

HUAWEI TRAINING

HOI---High Order Interface Function Block:

HPT, LPA, PPI
PDH signal 140M----VC4

PDH 140M signal

1VC4
HOI

Code pattern conversion,

incorporate 140M
into C4, process HPOH

HUAWEI TRAINING

Higher-order Path Termination--HPT

Process higher-order POH
Monitor VC4
HPT
Receiving
FG

B3 error bits
generate
HP-BBE

J1 mismatch
generate
HP-TIM

C2 mismatch
generate
HP-SLM

C2=00
generate
HP-UNEQ

H4 invalid
generate
HP-LOM

Insert all 1

HUAWEI TRAINING

HPT
Sending
GF
Write HPOH

Error bits
send back HP-REI
using G1(b1-b4)

HP-TIM,
HP-SLM,
HP-UNEQ
send back
HP-RDI
using G1(b5)

HUAWEI TRAINING

Higher-order Path Adaptation--HPA

Process TU-PTR
Sending
HG
Write TU-PTR
Multiplex

HPA
De-multiplex

Receiving
GH
Process TU

V1~V3 =1
generate TU-AIS
insert all 1

invalid pointers
generate TU-LOP
insert all 1

HUAWEI TRAINING

HOA---High Order Assembly:

HPT, HPA
VC12 or VC3---C4

1VC4
HOI

VC12 or
VC3

Process TU-PTR,
HPOH

HUAWEI TRAINING

Lower-order Path Termination--LPT

Process LPOH
Monitor VC3 or VC12

LPT

Receiving
HI

Verify V5: LP-BBE

LP-TIM, LP-UNEQ

Sending
I H
W rite LPOH
LP-BBELP-REI
LP-TIM, UNEQ
LP-RDI

HUAWEI TRAINING

Lower-order Path Adaptation--LPA

Packing: 2M--C12 or 34M--C3
Unpacking: C12--2M or C3--34M

HUAWEI TRAINING

PDH Physical Interface--PPI

Signal interface between equipment and PDH
Extract PDH tributary timing signals
Code pattern conversion: NRZHDB3

PPI

Receiving
JK

Code pattern
conversion

Sending
KJ

Code pattern
conversion
extract timing

Input AIS
generate
E1-AIS

No input signals
generate T-ALOS

HUAWEI TRAINING

LOI---Low Order Interface :

LPT, LPA, PPI
PDH signals 2M, 34M---VC12,
VC3
1VC12
1VC3

PDH 2M, 34M signals

LOI

Code pattern conversion,

incorporate 2M or
34M into C12 or C3,
process LPOH

HUAWEI TRAINING

HPC and LPC---High-order Path Connection,

Low-order Path Connection:
HPC performs cross-connection of VC4
LPC performs cross-connection of VC3, VC12
HPC and LPC together implement distribution
of service signals

Line

Line

Tributary
HUAWEI TRAINING

SEMF---Synchronous Equipment Management Function Block

Implements equipment management
Similar to mans brain
MCF---Message Communication Function Block
Messenger, delivers the instruction from SEMF
Output instructions(to NM)
OAM info

OAM info
SEMF+MCF

Output instructions(to boards)

HUAWEI TRAINING

SETS---Synchronous Equipment Timing Source

SETPI--- Synchronous Equipment Timing Physical Interface
Generates local synchronous signals
Receives external synchronous clock
Output synchronous clock
Receive:
External clock source
Local timing clock
Timing source from line unit
Outputs timing signals
Timing source from
makes other equipment
tributary unit
Locks timing reference
synchronous
source
Generates local clock

HUAWEI TRAINING

SDH Principle Test

1.

Fill in the blanks:

1 PDH transmission system has
______,______
and ______ three serials. Among them,
1.544Mb/s rate belongs to ____ digital
serial,2.048Mb/s rate belongs to
_______.
2 There are ______ bytes in STM-4 frame
structure.RSOH has _____ bytes, MSOH
has
_____types.
3 The function of standard container C
is
_________, function of virtual
container
VC is _________.

HUAWEI TRAINING

5 ________ bytes in STM-1 signal frame

structure are used for alignment purpose.
_______ bytes are used to create the
communication channel between NM and
NEs.________ bytes
are able to provide order-wire telephones,
_________ bytes are used to carry APS
protocol
6 The value of AU-PTR is located at
No._______
bits of ______ bytes.One opportunity
adjustment unit is made up of _____
bytes;the
value of TU-PTR is No._______ bits of
______
HUAWEI
bytes. One opportunity adjustment
unit TRAINING
for

7 Among the SDH transmission network, the

basic
unit which can be used to transmit,
multiplex
and cross-connect is ______. For OptiX TM
serial equipment, these units are
____,____,____,____ and ____.
8 The frame structure of STM-1 is _______;
frame structure of AU-4 is ______.Frame
structure of VC-4 is ______;frame
structure
of AU-3 is______,frame structure of VC-3
is
_____;frame structure of TU-12 is ______.
HUAWEI TRAINING

2.
1
2

Select the proper answers:

Which one has higher bandwidth utilization ratio:
A SDH
B PDH
Which can be used for synchronous transmission,
concentrated network management and has high selfhealing ability:
A SDH
B PDH
In order to achieve high synchronization for SDH
network, we use:
A byte interleaved multiplexing
B pointer adjustment
C asynchronous transmission

HUAWEI TRAINING

True or false:
1 SDH system can incorporate three serials of PDH syst
sys
and other digital signals such as ATM into VC-4. ( )
2 The frame frequency of STM-N, VC-12, VC-3 and VC-4
are the same, it is 8000F/s. ( )
3 Each byte within STM-N signals has an equivalent
transmission speed of 64Kb/s. ( )
4 We can directly drop 2.048Mb/s signals from SDH
signals. ( )
5 One STM-1 can hold 64 2.048Mb/s signals. ( )

HUAWEI TRAINING

4 Answer the questions briefly:

1 Why SDH system has a lower bandwidth utilization ratio
compared to PDH system?
2 As for the tributary services, which are called lowerorder path services and which are higher-order service
3 For a SDH network, if we want to use order-wire teleph
between any two stations, can we use E2 byte? Give the
reasons to support yourself.
4 State the monitoring mechanism of B1,B2,B3 and V5 byte
What are the alarms or performance events concerned wi
w
these bytes?

HUAWEI TRAINING