Unit 3

Agreement in
Numbers
Tenses and
Conditionals

Agreement in Numbers = Subject &

Verb Agreement
SINGUL
AR
SUBJEC
T
PLURAL
SUBJEC
T

SINGUL
AR
VERB

V(s/es)
is
has
was

PLURAL
VERB

are
have
were

WHEN IS A SUBJECT SINGULAR?

A/An + Singular Noun
Uncountable Noun
Each + Singular Noun
Every + Singular Noun
One of the/my/their/etc. plural
noun
The number of + plural noun
None of the + plural noun
A name ending with -s
(Examples on page 55)

+ Singular
verb

WHEN IS A SUBJECT PLURAL?

Plural Noun (-s/-es)
Some (of the) + Plural noun
A lot of + Plural noun
A number of + Plural noun
Two-thirds of + Plural noun
The + Adjective (= group of
people)

+ Plural verb

(Examples on page 56)

Fraction + Singular noun Singular verb

FRACTIO
Fraction + Plural noun Plural verb
NS
One third of the visitors were men. (many visitors were men)
Two thirds of the visitors were men. (many visitors were men)
One third of the pizza was eaten. (part of one pizza was eaten)
Two thirds of the pizza was eaten. (part of one pizza was
eaten)
One-third of the city is unemployed.
One-third of the people are unemployed.

Subject + prepositional phrase

+ Verb
Nurses at the Intensive Care Unit need to monitor the vital
signs of the patient every hour.
The manufacturer of these cameras guarantees that the
quality of materials will last well over a year.
The colors of the rainbow (is/are) beautiful.
Two oldest sons of my friend (have/has) joined military for
over a year.

Noun + Relative pronoun + Verb

Tom wants to grow up and be a politician who makes his
country more prosperous (/prsprs/: wealthy).
Peter works closely with salespeople who manage orders
from production to deliver.

DETERMINERS
This
That

+ Singular Noun

These
Those
Many

+ Plural Noun

Another + Singular Noun

Other + Plural Noun

Several
All Depending on the Noun (Uncountable, Singular, or Plural)
Some

Another vs. The other

There are three dogs. One is black, another is brown, and
the other is red.
Another: different: ci khc
The other: contrast to a group: ci cn li
Another: additional: na
Do you need another cup of coffee?

TENSES

Present simple

PRESE
NT

Present progressive
Present perfect
Present perfect
progressive
Past simple

PAST

Past progressive
Past perfect
Past perfect progressive
Future simple

FUTUR
E

Future progressive
Future perfect
Future perfect
progressive

Express:
Prese Repeated action,
habits or routines
nt
simple Truth or something
that is generally true

The trainusually leavesevery morning at 8

AM.
He neverforgetshis wallet.
The Earthcirclesthe Sun.
The Earth revolves on its axis.

Express:
Actions that started
and finished at a
specific time in the
Past
past
simple A series of
completed actions
Habits in the past
Past facts

Last week, the building commissioner (UB

xy dng) formally approved the
construction plan.
Ifinishedwork,walkedto the beach,
andfounda nice place to swim.
IstudiedFrench two years ago (now I
dont).
Shewasshy as a child, but now she is very
outgoing.

Future Express:
simple Actions that will
happen at a specific

At the end of this quarter, out company will

hold more than 96 software patents.

[has/have + past
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a
participle]
little girl.
Prese
Express:
She has been in England for six months.
nt
Actions beginning in
The demand for exports has risen steadily
perfe
the past and
throughout the year, which led to an
ct
continuing up to the
corresponding increase in our gross annual
present moment
profit.
[had + past
John had already left by the time Peter got
participle]
there.
Express:
Tony knew Istanbul so well because hehad
Past
Actions happened
visitedthe city several times
perfe
before another action Our competitors believed that the products
ct
in the past
which they had developed were able to
surpass the standards we set for durability
and design.
[will have + past
Dr. Sheila Marcial will have served on the
Board of West Coast College for 20 years by
Futur participle]
Express:
the time she retires.
e

Complex sentence
Subordinate clause , Main
clause

en you finish the course, a certificate of attendance will be sent to your ad

Subordinate Conjunction + S1 + V1 ,
S2 + V2
When, Before, As
long as, If, Unless,
etc.

Subordinate Conjunction + S1 + V1 ,
S2 + V 2
When, Before, As
long as, If, Unless,
etc.
Simple
present

Simple
future

If the software industry collapse, many small firms will

go bankrupt.
When you will come to England, Sarah will meet you at
the airport.

Verbs of suggestions, requests, demands

Suggest/propose
+ BARE INFINITIVE in That-clause

Insist/urge
Ask/demand/require/req
uest
The property custodian (keeper) has requested that any overdue
equipment (should) be returned by the end of the week.
He suggested that she (should) spend the weekend with him.

pp. 64

Adjective of urgency, necessity, obligation

+mandatory,
BARE INFINITIVE
Difficult,
vital, imperative, in That-clause
compulsory, important, necessary,
essential
It is necessary that the contract (should) be finalized at least one week
before the project begins.

Type 1: Future real If + simple present simple future

conditional
If + should + bare infinitive simple future

pp.
65

Type 2: Present
unreal conditional
Type 3: Past
unreal conditional

Mixed Type:
Mixed conditional
If TYPE 2, TYPE 1

If + simple past
infinitive

If + past perfect
PP

If + past perfect
infinitive

, would/could/should/might + bare
, would/could/should/might + have +
, would/could/should/might + bare

Conditional w/o if clause (pp. 66)

Inversion in conditional sentences
(pp. 66)