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Svend Hollensen

GLOBAL MARKETING
4th Edition

3 Global marketing Theories

Internationalization theories
Learning objectives
Analyse and compare the three theories
explaining a firms internationalization
process
Explain the most important determinants
for the internationalization process of
SMEs

Hollensen, Global Marketing 4e, Pearson Education 2008

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Historic development of
internationalization
Traditional marketing Internationalization/
approach
transaction cost
approach
Life cycle concept for
Dunnings eclectic
international trade
approach
The Uppsala
The network approach
Internationalization
model

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The Uppsala
internationalization model
Stage 1: no regular export activities
(sporadic export)
Stage 2: Export via independent
representatives (export modes)
Stage 3: Establishment of a foreign sales
subsidiary
Stage 4: Foreign production/manufacturing
units
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Figure 3.1 An incremental


approach to internationalization

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Exceptions to the
use of incremental steps
towards market commitment
Firms with large resources can take larger
internationalization steps
When market conditions are stable and
homogeneous, relevant market knowledge can be
gained in ways other than experience
When the firm has considerable experience
from markets with similar conditions, it may be
able to generalize this experience to any market

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Figure 3.2 Dimensions of


internationalization
Foreign operation
methods

Sales objects

Markets

Organizational
capacity
Organizational
structure

Personnel
Finance

Source: Welch and Loustarinen, 1988. Reproduced with permission from The Braybrooke Press Ltd.

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Transaction cost analysis (TCA) model


Firm will tend to expand until the cost of
organizing an extra transaction within the
firm will become equal to the cost of
carrying out the same transaction by
means of an exchange on the open market

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Figure 3.4
Principles of the TCA Model

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Limitations of the
TCA framework
Narrow assumptions of human nature
Excluding internal transaction costs
Relevance of intermediate forms for
SMEs
Importance of production cost is
understated

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The network model


The relationships of a firm in a domestic
network can be used as bridges to other
networks in other countries

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Figure 3.5 An example of


an international network

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Figure 3.6 Four cases of


internationalization of a firm
Degree of internationalization of the market
Low

High

Low

The early starter

The late starter

High

The lonely
international

The international
among others

Degree of
internationalization
of the firm

Source: Johanson and Mattson, 1988 p. 298. Reprinted by permission of Thomson Publishing Services.

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Personal factors in
Internationalization
Positive perceptions of global environment
Entrepreneurial orientation
Innovativeness

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Internationalization
preparation
Conducting international market research
Committing resources to support venture
Adapting products to target foreign markets

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What is this?
What term refers to a firm that from
its birth globalizes rapidly without
any preceding long term
internationalization period?

Born global

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Characteristics of
born globals
SMEs with less than 500 employees
Annual sales under $100million
Reliance on cutting-edge technology
Managed by entrepreneurial visionaries

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Figure 3.7
Organic versus born global
External environment

Managers
mindset

Internal environment

Decision to internationalize
Organic
pathway

Home market

Born global
pathway

Home market
Export market A

Export market A
Export market N

Export market N
Source: Adapted from ij et al. (2005), p. 6.

Hollensen, Global Marketing 4e, Pearson Education 2008

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Factors supporting
born globals
Role of niche markets
Advances in process/technology
production
Flexibility of SMEs/born globals
Global networks
Advances and speed in information
technology
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Figure 3.8 Models of


economic efficiency

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