Antenna Theory

Radiation Mechanism
Dipole antenna-Fundamentals
 Introduction
• Antenna:
– A radiating device
– A Transducer
– A matching element
• Any wire or a structure can radiate EM waves,
however, the shape and size should
compatible with local circuit, this study can
be extended as “Antenna Theory”
 Transmission line
• A transmission line, of Z0 characteristics
impedance, is excited by a source

+
tapering
 Vertical tapering
• By vertical tapering, the electric fields will
have a curvature shape.
•
 Give a sinusoidal signal

λ/2

at t=T/4 at t=2T/4 at t=4T/4

=T/2 =T
 Dipole antenna
• Fundamental antenna, the two arms of λ/4 length is placed
near by, will act as dipole.
•
 Current element
• At a position, a dl length of wire is considered
and assumed that have uniform current flow.
• Current element is a small current carried by
small length of wire, ie I.dl
 Radiation of Small current element

• Consider a wire of length L is carrying a

current I, as I = I . sin(ωt )
m
•
• The Field at a distant point P, at a distance R
P

R
dl
 
Retarded Vector Potential; A

• When current I is passing through the current element, the

field created a point P will phase shifted about ωR/c
• So, to specify the field with respect to the present time, we can
write the current term as
•
• [ I ] = I m sin ω  t − r  P
 C
• It is a retarded form,
can be compared with

•
r
• [ I ] = I m sin ( ωt − βr ) dl
•
 • The vector potential
• µId  µJ
A=∫ =∫ ∫4πr dv Pot. Integral
• 4πr z
Az ( r )
• θ
r
µ / 2 e − jkr I the only
Az =
4π ∫−/ 2 I r
dz ẑ
φ
y component

 µ Ie − jkr
Az = zˆ
4π r
In spherical form
Aθ = 0
Aφ = 0

Convert into Polar form: Ar = Az cos θ Aθ = − Az sin θ Aφ = 0

 Electric and Magnetic Fields
∇(∇ ⋅ A )
E = − jwA +
• We can find E and H terms from; jω µ ε
• 1
H = ∇× A
• µ
• By derivation, we will get:
•
M a g n e tic Fie ld E le ctric Fie ld
C o m p o n e n ts C o m p o n e n ts
Hr = 0 − ηI  e − jkr e -jkr 
Er = Cos θ − + j 2 3 
λ  kr 2 k r 
Hθ = 0
ηI  e − jkr e − jkr e -jkr 
 e − jkr Eθ = Sin θ  j + − j
I e − jkr  2λ  r kr 2

k 2 r 3 
Hφ = Sin θ  j + 
2λ  r kr 2 
Eφ = 0

w her η= µ
ε
e
• consider the Hφ
•
I  e − jkr e − jkr 
Hφ = Sin θ  j + 2 
2λ  r kr 

Fa r fie ld o r R a d ia tio n fie ld

N e a r fie ld o r In d u ctio n fie ld
N o p h a se sh ift b e tw e e n th e E a n d H fie ld
E a n d H a re p h a se sh ifte d b y 9 0

Near Far
Fiel Fiel
d d

ri We can find the position of ri by

equating
both the components
 Finding ri
I  e − jkr e − jkr 
Hφ = Sin θ  j + 2 
2λ  r kr 
A t ri the far field will change from near field, both will be equale
Or from the above equation, real part is equale to imaginary

k sin ( kr ) cos( kr )
− =
r r2
By approximation;
k 1 λ ri=0.159λ
= 2 r = 1/ k =
r r 2π

If length of antenna is greater than λ, then

l2
ri = 2
λ
 Induction/intermediate
region
• Since “kr” value is much less than unity,
the real term is almost vanish. This
imaginary component creates a 90o
phase shift between H and E.
• Thus lead to polarization on the
direction of propagation, called “Cross
field”.
• That’s if you expect a linearly polarized
antenna to receive within induction
field, it can’t
•
• For example: An FM station transmits at
100MHz, therefore: λ=3meter, so you
can’t get the signal before 0.47meter.
• AM station at 1MHz, then ri=47 meter,
 Far field
• The “kr” is very greater than unity, thus

ηΙ l sin θ − jkr
Eθ ≈ je
2λ r In -p h a se

Il
Hφ ≈ sin θ je -jkr
2λ r

Eθ
Zw = ≈η
Hφ

C a lle d “ W a ve im p e n d e n ce ”
 Radiation pattern
• Consider the far-field condition:
ηΙ l sin θ
Eθ ≈
2λ r
Il
Hφ ≈ sin θ
2λ r

z
r
θ
I
y
φ
x
 Power density
• The poynting vector:
•
•
• The radical and transverse components

S in ce th e tra n sve rse p o w e r is n o t co n trib u tin g a t fa r fie ld s

• Power in “Real and Imaginary” form says
•
•
•
• Wm, We are magnetic and electric energy density,
that stored in current element (or antenna)
•
•
•
• V a n ish e s a t kr> > 1

• The real term is modified as

R r is radiation resistance
Proble
m
• Find the Radiation resistance of a
dipole antenna about length of
λ/50.