BRIDGE

OUTLIN
Bridges
E: definition and History

Types of Bridges:
1.

Structural types:
Arch Bridges
Beam Bridges
Truss Bridges
Cantilever Bridges
Tied Arch Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridges

2.

Fixed or movable bridges:

Fixes
Temporary Bridges
Moveable

3.

Bridge types by use:

Car Traffic
Pedestrian
Double decked
Train Bridges
Pipelines
Viaducts
Commercial Bridges

Example of Bridges

DEFINITI
ON
Bridge is a structure that provides passage over
obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain or bodies of
water by spanning those obstacles with natural or
manmade materials.

HISTORY
The first bridge in the world built above the
Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, It was built
from woods and tones.
They start to use matal chains to build the
Suspension bridges , the first one was above the
tees river in Britain.
They start to use cement , the first bridge was
above the Rhine River in Germany.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types
1. Arch bridges:
They were originally built of stone or brick but
these days are built of reinforced concrete or steel.
Instead of pushing straight down, the load of an
arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of
the arch to the supports at each end. The weight is
transferred to the supports at either end. These
supports, called the abutments, carry the load and
keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out.
For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. The ground which pushes back on
theabutments creates aresistancewhich is
passed from stone to stone, until it is eventually
pushing on the key stone which is supporting the
load

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types
2- Beam Bridges:
A beam or "girder" bridge is the simplest kind of bridge. In the past
they may have taken the form of a log across a stream but today
they are more familiar to us large box steel girder bridges.
A beam bridge needs to be stiff. It needs to resist twisting and
bending under load.
In its most basic form, a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam
that is supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam
pushes straight down on the piers.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types
3- Truss Bridge:

Truss bridges are amongst a variety of bridge designs

that are being used for road traffic. The basic shape of
a truss bridge is like a right triangle, with the
hypotenuse extending to the abutments. There are
two similar trusses at each of the road sides.
The truss bridges consist of a grouping of triangles
that are manufactured from straight and steel bars,
according to the truss bridge designs.
The solid arms of the triangle are extended from the
pier sides.
Trusses are organized as straight elements that are
connected at the ends by hinges to develop a secure
arrangement.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types4- Cantilever Bridges:
Cantilever bridges normally use
pairs of cantilevers back to back
with a short beam bridge in
between the cantilevers.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types

5- Tied Arch Bridges:

Thrust arches rely on horizontal restraint
from the foundations, The vertical and
horizontal reactions resolve into a force
along the arch members the horizontal
component is of significant magnitude.
The tied-arch offers a solution when it can
be arranged that the deck is at such a
level that it can carry the horizontal force
as a tie member

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types

6- Suspension Bridges:
Suspension bridges in their simplest form were
originally made from rope and wood.
Modern suspension bridges use a box section
roadway supported by high tensile strength
cables.
In the early nineteenth century, suspension
bridges used iron chains for cables.
Today, the cables are made of thousands of
individual steel wires bound tightly together.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:

Structural
types

7- Cable-Stayed Bridges:
At first glance, the cable-stayed bridge may
look like just a variant of the suspension
bridge, but don't let their similar towers and
hanging roadways fool you. Cable-stayed
bridges differ from their suspension
predecessors in that they don't require
anchorages, nor do they need two towers.
Instead, the cables run from the roadway up to
a single tower that alone bears the weight.
The tower of a cable-stayed bridge is
responsible for absorbing and dealing with
compressional forces.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:
Fixed
OR Movable
Bridges:
Fixed
Majority of bridges are fixed, with no
moveable parts to provide higher clearance
for river/sea transport that is flowing below
them. They are designed to stay where
they are made to the point they are
deemed unusable or demolished.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:
Fixed
OR Movable
Bridges:
Temporary bridges
Bridges made from modular basic
components that can be moved by
medium or light machinery. They are
usually used in military engineering or in
circumstances when fixed bridges are
repaired.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:
Fixed
OR Movable
Bridges:
Moveable
is a bridge that moves to allow passage (usually) for boats or
barges.
Advantages and disadvantages:
An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower cost, due to the
absence of high piers and long approaches. The principal disadvantage
is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it is opened for
passages.
Operational methods:
For small bridges, bridge movement may be enabled without the need
for an engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, others by a
Bridgeman (or bridge tender); a few remotely using video-cameras and
loudspeakers. Generally, the bridges are powered by electric motors,
whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons.

TYPES OF
MOVABLE
BRIDGES:
Draw Bridge:
Bascule Bridge:
the bridge is hinged on one end
hinged on
a drawbridge
Folding Bridge:
pins
with
a
a drawbridge
Curling Bridge:
counterweight
to multiple
with
multiple
with
a drawbridge
Vertical-lift Bridge:
facilitate
raising
sections
that
the
sections
that
curlisvertically.
Table
Bridge:
bridge
deck
lifted
collapse
together
a lift
bridge
with the lifting
by
counterweighted
horizontally.
mechanism
mounted
cables
mounted
on underneath
it
towers

TYPES OF
MOVABLE
BRIDGES:
Retractable Bridge:

the
Submersible
bridge deck isBridge:
retracted to one side
also
called
a ducking bridge,
Tilt
Bridge:
Swing
the
bridge
deck
lowered
Bridge:
deck,iswhich
is
curved
Transporter
Bridge:
down
into
water
the
bridge
deck
rotates
around a
andthe
pivoted
at each
a
structure
above
point,
usually
at the center,
fixed
Jet is
Bridge:
end,
liftedhigh
at an
angle
carries
suspended,
ferrymaya resemble
abut
passenger
bridgeatogate
an in its
like structure
operation
airplane.
One end is mobile with
height, yaw, and tilt adjustments
on the outboard end.

TYPES OF
BRIDGES:
Types by
use:
Car Traffic
The
Pedestrian
most common type of bridge, with two or
Usually
made
in urban
or in terrain
more
Double-decked
lanes
designed
toenvironments,
carry car and truck
traffic
where car transport is inaccessible (rough
of
various
intensities.
Built
to provide
best possible flow of traffic across
mountainous
Train
bridges
terrain, forests, etc.).
bodies
water
or rough terrain.
they
Bridgesofmade
specifically
to carryMost
one often
or multiple
Pipelines
have
large
lane of
trainamount
tracks.of car lanes, and sometimes
dedicated
forpipelines
train tracks.
Bridges
made toarea
carry
across water or
have
Aqueducts
inaccessible
terrains.
Pipelines can carry water, air,
Commercial
bridges
Ancient
structures
created to carry water from
gas and communication cables.
water
rich
areas that
to dry
cities.
Modern
bridges
host
commercial buildings
such as restaurants and shops.

EXAMPLES OF
BRIDGES:
Wadi Laban Cable Stayed Bridge
Location: Saudi Arabia
Construction Period: 1995
ELEMKA Object: Post-tensioning of pillars
Project Master: MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS
Amount: 70m of joints

EXAMPLES OF
BRIDGES:
Millau Viaduct, France
This beauty is the worlds highest bridge for a
major road, and is in fact taller than the Eiffel
Tower.

It holds the A7F motorway, which connects Paris

to Montpellier and is often marveled as one of
the worlds most impressive achievements of all
time in engineering.

Also, its concerned one of the dangerous

bridges in the world.

EXAMPLES OF
BRIDGES:

Tower Bridge
Tower Bridge in London, England was built by
the end of the 19th century.
Construction of the Tower Bridge started in
1886, led by architect Sir Horace Jones and
engineer Sir John Wolfe Barry.
Instead of the original brick facade design, the
Tower Bridge had a more ornate Victorian Gothic
style meant to harmonize it with the nearby
Tower of London.
The Tower Bridge grew to be one of London's
most recognizable landmarks.

EXAMPLES OF
BRIDGES:
Longest bridges in the
world:
Longest suspension bridge span:
Akashi-KaikyoBridge,Kobe,Japan
Length:6,532ft.

Longest bridge over water (continuous):

LakePontchartrainCauseway,Louisiana
Length:23.87miles

Longest floating bridge:

EvergreenPointBridge,Seattle
Length:7,580ft.

Longest masonry arch bridge span:

PontdelaLibration,Villeneuve-sur-Lot,France
Length:315ft.

REFRENCES:
http://www.movablebridges.org.uk/
http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/types-of-bridges/
http://bridges.lib.lehigh.edu/
http://structurae.net/
http://www.elemka.gr/en-us/bearings-seismic-isolation/elemka-bearings-seismic-isolation
http://www.design-technology.org/
BRIDGE ENGINEERING: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEbyLeonardo Fernndez Troyano
BRUCKEN / BRIDGES: AESTHETICS AND DESIGNbyFritz Leonhardt.

THE SPANS OF NORTH AMERICAbyDavid Plowden

BRIDGESbyDavid J. Brown.
LANDMARK AMERICAN BRIDGESbyEric DeLony
BRIDGE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, SECOND EDITION & HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE
ENGINEERINGbyW.F. Chen and
Lian Duan
THE CREATION OF BRIDGESbyDavid Bennett
BRIDGE AESTHETICS AROUND THE WORLDby theTransportation Research Board and National
Research Council
.

THE BEAUTY OF RAILROAD BRIDGESbyRichard J. Cook

BRIDGE
S

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MS. LAILA