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OLAHRAGA
Rahmatina B. Herman
Bagian Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Andalas
Introduction
No other normal stresses that nearly approach
the extreme stresses of heavy exercise
If some of extremes of exercise were continued
for even slightly prolonged periods, they might
easily be lethal
Therefore, Sports Physiology, in the main, is a
discussion of the ultimate limits to which most of
the bodily mechanisms can be stressed
Comparison:
- Extremely high fever approaching the level of
lethality, body metabolism increases to about 100%
- During marathon race, body metabolism increases
to 2000 % above normal
Strength of Muscles in
Exercise
Determined mainly by its size
Maximum contractile force: 3-4
kg/cm2 of muscle cross-sectional
area
The holding strength is 40%
greater than contractile strength
Power of Muscles in
Exercise
Power:
- a measure of the total amount of work that
the muscle performs in a unit of time:
- determined by:
> strength of muscle contraction
> distance of contraction
> number of times it contracts each minute
- measured in kg-m/ minute
- power of 1 kg-m/minute, that is a muscle
> that can lift 1 kg weight to a height of 1 m in
1 min, or
> that can move object laterally against a force
of
1 kg for a distance of 1 m in 1 min
Endurance
Final measures of muscle performance
The efficiency for translation of muscle power
output into athletic performance is often much
less during rapid activity than during less
rapid but sustained activity
Depends on nutritive support for muscle, more
than anything else on the amount of glycogen
that has been stored in muscle before the
period of exercise
A person on a high-carbohydrate diet stores
far more glycogen in muscles than a person on
mixed diet or high-fat diet endurance is
greatly enhanced by a high-carbohydrate diet
..Endurance
Type of Diet
High-carbohydrate
Mixed
High-fat
Glycogen
stored
Complete
exhaustion
(gm/ kg
muscles)
(minutes)
40
20
6
240
120
85
Glucose
Fatty
acid
Amino
acids
Creatine +
PO3
Lactic
acid
ATP
ADP
AMP
+ O2
CO2 +
H2Urea
O
+
Energy
For
Muscle
contraction
M of ATP/
min
Time
8 10 sec
2.5
Unlimited
time (as long
as nutrients
last)
Cardio-respiratory Function in
Exercise
Oxygen consumption and total
pulmonary ventilation increase 20-fold
between the resting state and maximum
intensity of exercise in the well-trained
athlete
O2 diffusing capacity, that is the rate at
which O2 can diffuse from alveoli into the
blood: 3-fold increase
Respiration is stimulated mainly by
neurogenic mechanisms
Venous return and COP
Hypertrophy of myocardium
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