Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gempa Aceh
Magnitude9.0 (followed by huge tsunami)
Date-TimeSunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 (UTC)
= Coordinated Universal Time
Location3.307 N 95.947 E
Depth30 km (18.6 miles) set by location program
Region OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
Fatalities: In total 283 000 people were killed (In Aceh and
Sumatra
Utara 108 000 were killed and 127 000 were missing)
Mekanisme sumber
Best Double Couple:
M0=4.0*10**29
NP1:STRIKE=329;DIP= 8;SLIP= 110
NP2:STRIKE=129;DIP=83;SLIP= 87
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Tsunami gempa
Aceh
Gempa Jogja
Magnitude6.3 (Strong)
Date-Time Friday, May 26, 2006 at 22:53:58 (UTC)
= Coordinated Universal Time
Saturday, May 27, 2006 at 5:53:58 AM
Mekanisme sumber
Best Double Couple:
Mo=4.2*10**18
NP1:Strike=150 Dip=80 Slip= 175
NP2: Strike= 241 Dip= 85 Slip= 10
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Gempa Pangandaran
Magnitude7.7 (Major)
Date-Time Monday, July 17, 2006 at 08:19:25 (UTC)
= Coordinated Universal Time
Monday, July 17, 2006 at 3:19:25 PM
= local time at epicenter
Location9.334S, 107.263E
Depth10 km (6.2 miles) set by location program
RegionSOUTH OF JAVA, INDONESIA
Fatalities: At least 100 people were killed and 150
were injured.
Mekanisme Sumber
BEST DOUBLE COUPLE:
M0=4.0*10**27
NP1:STRIKE=289;DIP=10;SLIP= 95
NP2:STRIKE=104;DIP=80;SLIP= 89
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Question: How come the 12/23/04 M8.1 Macquarie Island earthquake didn't
produce a tsunami? What was the difference?
Question: What was the size of the fault that produced the
earthquake?
Answer: An initial estimate of the size of the rupture that
caused the earthquake
is obtained from the length of the aftershock zone, the
dimensions of historical earthquakes, and a study of the
elastic waves generated by the earthquake. The
aftershocks suggest that the earthquake rupture had a
maximum length of 1200 -- 1300 km parallel to the Sunda
trench and a width of over 100 km perpendicular to the
earthquake source. An early estimate from the study of
elastic waves show the majority of slip was concentrated in
the southernmost 400 km of the rupture.
Gempa susulan
Answer: The actual rupture duration on the fault (the time it took for
the earthquake to take place on the fault and rupture the entire
length) was approximately 3 to 4 minutes. The exact length of time
that people felt the shaking varied from place to place, depending on
their distance to the fault, and other factors, such as what type of
bedrock they were on, what the crustal structure was below them
and between them and the fault, etc. In northern Sumatra , which
lies almost above the fault, shaking may have been experienced for
up to several minutes.
GEMPA BUMI
(EARTHQUAKE)
GONCANGAN ATAU
VIBRASI (GETARAN) PADA
TANAH KARENA ADANYA ENERGI
YANG DILEPASKAN SECARA
MENDADAK DI BUMI
JENIS-JENIS GEMPA
Gempabumi Runtuhan
Gempa karena runtuhnya lubang di dalam bumi
atau jatuhnya benda di permukaan bumi.
Gempabumi Vulkanik
Gempa karena aktivitas magma di dalam maupun
di luar bumi.
Gempabumi Tektonik
Gempa karena gaya indogen, yaitu gaya didalam
kerak bumi karena proses tektonik, spt perlipatan
pergeseran, dan penunjaman.
GEMPABUMI TEKTONIK
Terjadi karena proses penyesaran (patah dan
bergeser) di dalam kerak bumi.
Proses penyesaran terjadi sangat cepat
sehingga terjadi kejutan (gerakan mendadak)
pada batuan di dalam kerak bumi sebagai
sumber gelombang gempa
GELOMBANG SEISMIK menjalar ke segala
arah yang kita rasakan sebagai gempa.
SESAR GESER
StrikeSlipFaultQuakeJapan
StrikeSlipFaultQuakeCalifornia
NormalFaultQuakeNevada
TSUNAMI
Penyebab tsunami
1. Gempa bumi (pada umumnya)
2. Letusan gunung api (bawah laut)
3. Meteor jatuh di laut
Hanya gempa oleh sesar naik dan sesar turun yang dapat
menimbulkan tsunami (sesarnya harus sampai mematahkan
dasar samodra, umumnya bila kekuatannya melebihi 6.5 skala
Richter).
Apapun penyebabnya tsunami yang teramati di pantai, selalu
didahului dengan surutnya air laut.
TSUNAMI (LANJUTAN)
Tsunami adalah gelombang laut yang jarak antar puncaknya
sangat panjang.
Di perairan yang dalam jarak antar puncaknya dapat mencapai
100 km, dan akan makin mengecil di perairan yang makin
mendangkal.
Di perairan dalam kecepatannya mencapai sekitar 700 km/jam,
melambat di perairan yang lebih dangkal.
Tinggi gelombangnya kecil (max 2 meter) di perairan dalam,
membesar di perairan yang lebih dangkal (dapat mencapai
puluhan meter).
Kerusakan struktural