PENGANTAR KULIAH SEISMOLOGI

Gempa Aceh
Magnitude9.0 (followed by huge tsunami)
Date-TimeSunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 (UTC)
= Coordinated Universal Time

Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 7:58:53 AM

= local time at epicenter

Location3.307 N 95.947 E
Depth30 km (18.6 miles) set by location program
Region OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
Fatalities: In total 283 000 people were killed (In Aceh and
Sumatra
Utara 108 000 were killed and 127 000 were missing)

Mekanisme sumber
Best Double Couple:
M0=4.0*10**29
NP1:STRIKE=329;DIP= 8;SLIP= 110
NP2:STRIKE=129;DIP=83;SLIP= 87
-#######--#################-#####################--########################-----#############
#######-------############ T ########---------##########
#########-----------#####################-------------###################---------------#################------------------##############-------------------############
------------------########------ P --------------#####-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Posisi gempa Aceh di peta

Posisi titik permulaan penyesaran: sebelah utara pulau Simeluelue.

Tsunami gempa
Aceh

Gempa Jogja
Magnitude6.3 (Strong)
Date-Time Friday, May 26, 2006 at 22:53:58 (UTC)
= Coordinated Universal Time
Saturday, May 27, 2006 at 5:53:58 AM

= local time at epicenter

Location7.962S, 110.458E
Depth10 km (6.2 miles) set by location program
RegionJAVA, INDONESIA
Fatalities: 6200 people were killed, 1700 were
injured

Mekanisme sumber
Best Double Couple:

Mo=4.2*10**18
NP1:Strike=150 Dip=80 Slip= 175
NP2: Strike= 241 Dip= 85 Slip= 10
------ P
------------##------------------#####-------------------########--------------------##########------------------###
##########--------------#######
############---------############
#############-----###############
##############-##################
###########----##############
#
########---------############ T #
#####------------###########
##----------------#############
------------------###########
------------------#######
-----------------####
-----------------------

Gempa Pangandaran
Magnitude7.7 (Major)
Date-Time Monday, July 17, 2006 at 08:19:25 (UTC)
= Coordinated Universal Time
Monday, July 17, 2006 at 3:19:25 PM
= local time at epicenter

Location9.334S, 107.263E
Depth10 km (6.2 miles) set by location program
RegionSOUTH OF JAVA, INDONESIA
Fatalities: At least 100 people were killed and 150
were injured.

Posisi gempa Jogja di peta

Mekanisme Sumber
BEST DOUBLE COUPLE:
M0=4.0*10**27
NP1:STRIKE=289;DIP=10;SLIP= 95
NP2:STRIKE=104;DIP=80;SLIP= 89
-------------############----####################--########################--##############
#########-################ T ###########################
###########---#############################-------#########################------------#####################
-------------------##############
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P -------------------------------------------------------------

Pertanyaan umum sehubungan dg gempa Aceh

Question: Can we expect many aftershocks to this earthquake?

Answer: There have been numerous aftershocks detected following the

recent magnitude 9 megathrust earthquake. The U.S. Geological Survey

National Earthquake Information Center (USGS/NEIC) continues to
record many newly occurred aftershocks. As of 1:00PM, MST, December
29, sixty-eight aftershocks have been cataloged. The largest occurred
about three hours after the main shock and is now assigned a magnitude of
7.1. Thirteen of the aftershocks thus far cataloged have magnitudes of 6.0
or larger.
Question: Is there a possibility of another tsunami in the area?
Answer: Of major concern following the 26 December 2004 magnitude 9.0
earthquake is the potential of another damaging tsunami being generated
by an aftershock.
Gempa yang dapat menimbulkan tsunami: Magnitude > 6.5, submarine,
dangkal, sesar naik/turun (subduction zone). Sesar geser yang
besar
>8 dapat juga menyebabkan tsunami.

Question: How has the occurrence of this earthquake affected the

probability of another great earthquake?

Answer: The occurrence of this earthquake will have

produced a redistribution of tectonic stresses along
and near the boundary between the India plate and
the Burma plate. In some areas, this redistribution of
stresses will be such as to shorten the time to the
next big earthquake compared to what would have
been the case if the earthquake had not happened. In
other areas, the redistribution of stresses will be
such as to increase the time to the next big
earthquake. Once the distribution of slip along the
earthquake fault has been mapped, it will be possible
to estimate the areas that were moved closer to
future failure and those that were moved farther
from future failure. It is not yet possible, however, to
reliably estimate when the future failure will occur in
a given area or how large will be the resulting
earthquake.

Question: What other great (M > 8) earthquakes have

occurred in the region?
Answer: Since 1900 and prior to the December 26
earthquake, the largest earthquake along the subduction
zone from southern Sumatra to the Andaman Islands
occurred in 2000 and had a magnitude of 7.9. A
magnitude 8.4 earthquake occurred in 1797, a
magnitude 8.5 in 1861 and a magnitude 8.7 in 1833 . All
three ruptured sections of the subduction zone to the
south of the recent earthquake. Interestingly, the 1797
and 1833 quakes are believed to have ruptured roughly
the same area with only 36 years separating the events.
Paleoseismic evidence shows that great earthquakes or
earthquake couplets occur about every 230 years

Question: This earthquake occurred within three days of a magnitude

8.1 earthquake in the Macquarie Islands. Is there any relation
between the two earthquakes?
Answer:

The occurrence of two great earthquakes within such a short space of

time is indeed striking. However, even in retrospect, we do not yet see
evidence for a strong causal relationship between the two earthquakes.
It seems clear that long-term stress changes associated with one
earthquake may trigger other earthquakes on the same fault or on nearby
faults. In fact, the aftershocks that occur around the source of a large
earthquake are triggered by such stress changes. But the long-term stres
changes caused by an earthquake decrease rapidly with distance away from
fro
the earthquake source. The Macquarie Ridge earthquake was very far from
the site of the yet-to-occur Sumatra-Andaman Islands earthquake, and
occurred on a different plate boundary. The hypothesis that long-term
stress changes associated with the Macquarie Ridge earthquake triggered
the Sumatra-Andaman Islands earthquake therefore does not seem
compelling.

Question: How come the 12/23/04 M8.1 Macquarie Island earthquake didn't
produce a tsunami? What was the difference?

Answer: Macquarie EQ strike slip faulting , Aceh EQ dip slip faulting

However, big strike slip EQ (Mag 8) may generate tsunami

Question: What was the size of the fault that produced the
earthquake?
Answer: An initial estimate of the size of the rupture that
caused the earthquake
is obtained from the length of the aftershock zone, the
dimensions of historical earthquakes, and a study of the
elastic waves generated by the earthquake. The
aftershocks suggest that the earthquake rupture had a
maximum length of 1200 -- 1300 km parallel to the Sunda
trench and a width of over 100 km perpendicular to the
earthquake source. An early estimate from the study of
elastic waves show the majority of slip was concentrated in
the southernmost 400 km of the rupture.

Gempa susulan

Model pergeseran (slip)

Question: What was the maximum displacement on the

rupture surface between the plates ?
Answer: The maximum displacement estimated from a
preliminary study of the seismic body waves is 20
meters.
Question: What was the maximum displacement of the sea
bottom above the earthquake
source?
Answer: The displacement of the ground surface will be
related to, but somewhat less than, the
displacement on the earthquake fault at depth. In
places, the block of crust beneath the sea floor and
overlying the causative fault is likely to have moved on
the order of 10 meters to the west-southwest and to
have been uplifted by several meters.

Question: How much energy was released by this

earthquake?
Answer: Es 20X10^17 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons (475 megatons) of
TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000 Nagasaki bombs.

Question: How long did the earthquake shake? (What was

the duration?)

Answer: The actual rupture duration on the fault (the time it took for
the earthquake to take place on the fault and rupture the entire
length) was approximately 3 to 4 minutes. The exact length of time
that people felt the shaking varied from place to place, depending on
their distance to the fault, and other factors, such as what type of
bedrock they were on, what the crustal structure was below them
and between them and the fault, etc. In northern Sumatra , which
lies almost above the fault, shaking may have been experienced for
up to several minutes.

Question: What effect did this earthquake have on

the rotation of the earth?
Answer: While this question is a little outside the
earthquake role of the USGS, scientists at NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) who work with the
USGS, have told us that the effects on the Earth's
rotation from an earthquake even of this magnitude is
much too small to be observed. The length of the day
can be measured with an accuracy of about 20
microseconds and calculations of the source
properties of the earthquake showed the change in
the length of the day to be -2.676 microseconds, or
in other words, less than can be effectively
measured.

Question: Can earthquakes trigger volcanic eruptions?

Answer: Volcano eruptions have occurred shortly after earthquakes
and they may be linked, but scientists are still debating the topic.
Notably, an Andean volcano (Cordon Caulle) began erupting 2 days
after the magnitude 9.5 1960 Chile earthquake.
Eruptions of mud volcanoes have occurred in the Andaman Islands
following the recent magnitude 9.0 megathrust earthquake. Mud
volcanoes consist of surface mud extrusions that vary in size from
meters to several kilometers. They sometimes resemble magmatic
volcanoes in appearance but they generally consist of low lying
mud flows. Mud volcanoes do not involve magma. They emit mud at
significantly cooler temperatures than lava, well below the ~800
degrees Celsius temperatures that characterizevolcanic
eruptions. Eruptions from mud volcanoes can reach heights of
several hundred meters and consist of mud and sometimes burning
hydrocarbon gasses. They are often associated with gas and oil
fields. Mud volcanoes were known to exist in the Andaman Islands
before the earthquake and in many other regions of the world.

GEMPA BUMI
(EARTHQUAKE)

GONCANGAN ATAU
VIBRASI (GETARAN) PADA
TANAH KARENA ADANYA ENERGI
YANG DILEPASKAN SECARA
MENDADAK DI BUMI

JENIS-JENIS GEMPA
Gempabumi Runtuhan
Gempa karena runtuhnya lubang di dalam bumi
atau jatuhnya benda di permukaan bumi.

Gempabumi Vulkanik
Gempa karena aktivitas magma di dalam maupun
di luar bumi.

Gempabumi Tektonik
Gempa karena gaya indogen, yaitu gaya didalam
kerak bumi karena proses tektonik, spt perlipatan
pergeseran, dan penunjaman.

GEMPABUMI TEKTONIK
Terjadi karena proses penyesaran (patah dan
bergeser) di dalam kerak bumi.
Proses penyesaran terjadi sangat cepat
sehingga terjadi kejutan (gerakan mendadak)
pada batuan di dalam kerak bumi sebagai
sumber gelombang gempa
GELOMBANG SEISMIK menjalar ke segala
arah yang kita rasakan sebagai gempa.

JENIS SESAR (PATAHAN)

SESAR TURUN SESAR NAIK

SESAR GESER

SESAR YANG SAMPAI PERMUKAAN

StrikeSlipFaultQuakeJapan

StrikeSlipFaultQuakeCalifornia

NormalFaultQuakeNevada

TSUNAMI
Penyebab tsunami
1. Gempa bumi (pada umumnya)
2. Letusan gunung api (bawah laut)
3. Meteor jatuh di laut
Hanya gempa oleh sesar naik dan sesar turun yang dapat
menimbulkan tsunami (sesarnya harus sampai mematahkan
dasar samodra, umumnya bila kekuatannya melebihi 6.5 skala
Richter).
Apapun penyebabnya tsunami yang teramati di pantai, selalu
didahului dengan surutnya air laut.

TSUNAMI (LANJUTAN)
Tsunami adalah gelombang laut yang jarak antar puncaknya
sangat panjang.
Di perairan yang dalam jarak antar puncaknya dapat mencapai
100 km, dan akan makin mengecil di perairan yang makin
mendangkal.
Di perairan dalam kecepatannya mencapai sekitar 700 km/jam,
melambat di perairan yang lebih dangkal.
Tinggi gelombangnya kecil (max 2 meter) di perairan dalam,
membesar di perairan yang lebih dangkal (dapat mencapai
puluhan meter).

Kerusakan karena gempabumi

Structural damage attributable to vibrations depends on
Nature of the material upon which the structure rests
Intensity and duration of the vibrations
Design of the structure

Destruction from seismic vibrations

Liquefaction of the ground
Unconsolidated materials saturated with water turn into a mobile fluid
Seiches
The rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes, reservoirs, and enclosed basin.
Waves can weaken reservoir walls and cause destruction

Tsunamis, or seismic sea waves

Destructive waves that are often inappropriately called tidal waves
Result from vertical displacement along a fault located on the ocean floor or
a large undersea landslide triggered by an earthquake

Kerusakan struktural

Kerusakan pada tanah

Kebakaran karena pipa gas yang rusak

Gedung roboh (tapi masih utuh) karena Liquifaction

Volcano of liquefied sand