FILTERS & THEIR

PARAMETERS

Rachit Manchalwar
| D063

WHAT ARE FILTERS?

Filters are circuits which separate and
allow only signals of specific frequencies to
pass through.
4 categories
Low Pass
High Pass
Band Pass
Band Stop

LOW FREQUENCY
FILTERS
Frequency range in kHz
Plot of Gain v/s. Frequency

LOW FREQUENCY FILTERS

HIGH FREQUENCY
FILTERS
Frequency Range of GHz
Plot of Attenuation () v/s. Frequency

HIGH FREQUENCY
FILTERS

FILTER CIRCUITS

FILTERS TO BE DISCUSSED
1. Butterworth (Binomial) Filter
2. Chebyshev Filter

TYPES OF FILTERS

BUTTERWORTH FILTERS
Also called as Maximally Flat Filter.
No ripple permitted in attenuation profile
Insertion Loss can be determined from the loss factor;

N = Order of the filter

= Normalized frequency

BUTTERWORTH FILTERS

ATTENUATION PROFILE FOR

BUTTERWORTH FILTER FOR VARIOUS
FILTER ORDERS

CHEBYSHEV FILTERS
Also

called as Equiripple Filter.

Insertion Loss will be as folllows;

IL = , where
TN() = , for ||1
TN() = , for ||1

CHEBYSHEV FILTERS

ATTENUATION RESPONSE
FOR CHEBYSHEV

COMPARISON

CONCLUSION
Chebyshev filter has the steepest slope of the attenuation
profile.
Linear phase filter exhibits lowest roll-off.
Thus, Chebyshev is selected when:
1.
2.

If a sharp transition from PB to SB is required

Ripples can be tolerated

Also, its Attenuation at cut-off frequency is equal to the

ripple size in PB.
Linear phase can be used for modulation and mixer
circuits.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN
BUTTERWORTH AND CHEBYSHEV
Butterworth Filter

Magnitude
response
decreases with increase in
frequency (from 0 - )

Width of Transition band is

more.
The order of filter is more,
for same specifications, as
compared
to
chebyshev.
Hence no. of components
required to construct a filter
are less.

Chebyshev Filter

Magnitude
response
fluctuates or shows ripples in
PB and SB depending on the
type of filter.
Width of Transition band is
comparatively less.
The order of filter is less, for
same
specifications,
as
compared to chebyshev. Hence
no. of components required to
construct a filter are more.

PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
Insertion

Loss: Power Loss in Passband

IL =
Where
PIN = Input Power
PL = Load Power
= Reflection Coefficient

PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
Ripple: Difference between maximum and minimum
amplitude response in dB or nepers.
We can control the amplitude of the ripple in
Chebyshev Filters

PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
Bandwidth:

Difference between the upper and

lower cut-off frequencies in Band Pass Filters
Recorded at 3dB attenuation points above the
passband.
BW3dB =

PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
Shape

Factor: Sharpness of filter response

Ratio of 60dB and 3dB bandwidths
SF =

PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
Rejection:
Rejection is the finite attenuation level in
practical filters
Due to limited number of filter components
Usually 60dB (since can be readily combined
with shape factor)

PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
Quality Factor: Ratio of average stored energy
to energy loss per cycle at resonant frequency.

ATTENUATION PROFILE OF
BPF

ATTENUATION AND ORDER IDEAL

ATTENUATION AND ORDER PRACTICAL

ATTENUATION AND
ORDER
Ideally, there should infinite attenuation from
cut-off frequency
Practically not attainable
Steep transition from PB to SB can be achieved
by increasing order of filter.
Steeper transition to stopband comes at a price
higher ripple in passband

THANK YOU